© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Pregnancy and Prenatal Development Chapter 3

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. What’s to Come? Stages of Prenatal Development Influences on Prenatal Development Monitoring Prenatal Development

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Stages of Prenatal Development Principles of Growth The Germinal Stage The Embryonic Stage The Fetal Stage

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Gestation Prenatal period of development between conception and birth Normal range is between 37 and 41 weeks Stages of prenatal development Germinal Embryonic Fetal Principles of Growth

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Cephalocaudal principle Dictates that development proceeds from the head to the lower part of the trunk Proximodistal principle Development proceeds from parts near the center of the body to outer ones Principles of Growth

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Includes the first two weeks of development after fertilization The zygote divides, becomes more complex, and is implanted in the wall of the uterus The Germinal Stage

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From about 2 to 8 weeks the organs and major body systems develop rapidly Most severely defective embryos usually do not survive beyond the first trimester Spontaneous abortion Expulsion from the uterus of an embryo or fetus that is unable to survive outside the womb Commonly called miscarriage Males are more likely than females to be spontaneously aborted The Embryonic Stage

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Appearance of the first bone cells at about 8 weeks signifies the beginning of this stage Final stage of gestation Fetus grows rapidly to about 20 times its previous length Ultrasound High-frequency sound waves that allow the detection of the fetus outline The Fetal Stage

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 8th week of gestation About 250,000 immature neurons are produced every minute 12th week of gestation Fetus swallows and inhales some of the amniotic fluid in which it floats 26 th week of gestation Responses to sound and vibration Rise and level off at about 32 weeks of gestation The Fetal Stage

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Influences on Prenatal Development Maternal Factors Paternal Factors

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Teratogens Environmental agents which can interfere with normal prenatal development Nutrition and maternal weight Folic acid is critical for a pregnant woman’s diet Malnutrition Physical activity and strenuous work Maternal illnesses Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Rubella Maternal Factors That Influence Prenatal Development

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Maternal anxiety and stress Maternal age Outside environmental hazards Maternal Factors That Influence Prenatal Development

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Drug intake Medical drugs Alcohol Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Nicotine Caffeine Marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine Maternal Factors That Influence Prenatal Development

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Men’s exposure to deleterious substances Poor quality of sperm can be due to the exposure to: Lead Marijuana or tobacco smoke Large amounts of alcohol or radiation Paternal Factors That Influence Prenatal Development

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. DES Pesticides High ozone levels Older fathers Paternal Factors That Influence Prenatal Development

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Monitoring Prenatal Development Monitoring Development during Pregnancy

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Risk assessment of babies Ultrasound Blood tests Amniocentesis Procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn for analysis Chorionic villus sampling Tissue from the membrane surrounding the fetus is removed and analyzed Monitoring Prenatal Development

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Embryoscopy Insertion of a tiny viewing scope into the mother’s uterus through the abdominal wall for a direct look at the embryo Umbilical cord sampling Allows direct access to fetal DNA in the blood vessels of the umbilical cord for diagnosis Monitoring Prenatal Development