Taxonomy

Objectives: The student will be able to:  Classify organisms from different kingdoms at several taxonomic levels, using a dichotomous key(LS-H-C4)  Compare characteristics of the major kingdoms(LS-H-C5)  Analyze differences in life cycles of selected organisms in each of the kingdoms (LS-H-C6)

All of these are Mellinarks. None of these is a Mellinark. Which of these are Mellinarks?

Classification of Organisms  What is the name of this animal?  Puma  cougar  mountain lion  Panther  classifying gives an animal a name that all scientists know  the name tells us about the animal’s evolutionary history Why do we classify?

Groups of Classification  Naming organisms is known as Taxonomy  there are lots of groups that we use to name organisms, each group is called a Taxon  There are 8 Taxa (many taxons) total which we will learn about on the next page.

Domain Taxonomy and the 8 Taxa Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Daring Kings Play Chess On Fat Guy’s Stomachs

Domain Taxonomy and the 8 Taxa  The biggest group! (And the most general)  Made up of 3 Domains  Bacteria  Archaea  Eukarya  organisms in each Domain share some characteristics  ex) all organisms in domain Eukarya are eukaryotes (their cells have a nucleus)

Kingdom Taxonomy and the 8 Taxa  Inside each Domain there are different Kingdoms  There are 6 different Kingdoms  Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria)  Archaebacteria (Domain Archaea)  Protists  Fungi  Plantae  Animalia (Domain Eukarya)

Taxonomy and the 8 Taxa  Organisms in each kingdom share more characteristics than organisms in each Domain  ex) all organisms in kingdom Animalia have locomotion (are able to move)

Phylum Taxonomy and the 8 Taxa  Inside each Kingdom there are different Phyla  The organisms in each phylum share more characteristics than organisms in each kingdom  Ex) all organisms in the phylum Chordata have a spine

Class Taxonomy and the 8 Taxa  Inside each Phylum there are different Classes  The organisms in each class share more characteristics than organisms in each Phylum  Ex) all organisms in the class Mammalia have hair

Order Taxonomy and the 8 Taxa  Inside each Class there are different Orders  The organisms in each order share more characteristics than organisms in each class  Ex) all organisms in the order Carnivora eat meat

Family Taxonomy and the 8 Taxa  Inside each Order there are different Families  The organisms in each family share more characteristics than organisms in each Order  Ex) all organisms in the family Felidae are cats, big and small cats

Genus Taxonomy and the 8 Taxa  Inside each Family there are different Genuses  The organisms in each Genus share more characteristics than organisms in each Family  Ex) all organisms in the genus Felis are small cats

Species Taxonomy and the 8 Taxa  Inside each Genus there are different species  The organisms in each species share more characteristics than organisms in each Genus  Ex) all organisms in the species domesticus are house cats

Classification of Four Organisms Corn Whale SharkHumpback Whale Spider Monkey KingdomPlantaeAnimalia PhylumAnthophytaChordata ClassMonocotyled ones ChondrichthyesMammalia OrderCommelinale s SqualiformesCetaceaPrimates FamilyPoaceaeRhincodontidaeBalaenopterid ae Atelidae GenusZeaRhincodonMegapteraAteles SpeciesZea maysRhinacodon typus Megaptera novaeangilae Ateles paniscus Which two organisms shown in the table above are the most closely related?

Binomial Nomenclature  Each animal has a unique name known as the scientific name  The naming system used is called Binomial Nomenclature  (bi=2 nomial=name, nomen=name clature=system)  The scientific name is made up of the Genus and the species  they are always written in italics or underlined  The Genus name is capitalized  The species name is lower case  e.g. scientific name of human : Homo sapien Can be abbreviated: H. sapien

Naming Practice – Answer these on a separate sheet to hand in 1) Where does the first word for the name come from? 2) Where does the second word for the name come from? 3) What’s wrong with the way the names below are written? felis Domesticus (house cat) Canis Lupus (wolf) Ursus arctos (grizzly bear) 4) If a Dog’s species is familiaris and it’s Genus is Canis what is it’s scientific name? 5) Which animal from the list above is the most closely related to the dog? How do you know? 6) The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, is most closely related to the — A spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarki B Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystax C northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens D African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus

Dichotomous Keys  A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish.  Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item.  "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.