 1. Define the following terms.  Biogenesis: principle that all living things come from other living things  Spontaneous generation: belief that living things come from non-living things  Half-life: the length of time it takes for one-half of an isotope to decay  Endosymbiosis theory: theory that organelles were engulfed by ancient eukaryotes and later became part of the cell  Hybridization: process of crossing different organisms in one species

 1. Define the following terms.  Genetic engineering: changing the genetic material of the individual  Recombinant DNA: combination of DNA from two or more organisms  Transgenic organism: organism that has genes from different species  Bio fingerprint: a unique VNTR sequence that is specific to each person  Vector: organisms that can replicate themselves. Give rise to clones

 2. Explain Redi’s experiment.  Jars were set up with meat inside and rot  The control group was not covered  The experimental group covered jars with cloth  Results: The uncovered jars had maggots growing that eventually turned into flies. The covered jars did not have any maggots

 3. Explain Spallanzani’s experiment.  Boiled clear, fresh broth  The control group had the flask open  The experimental group had a flask that was covered  Results: The uncovered flask became contaminated with microorganisms. The experimental group flask did not have any growth

 4. Explain Pasteur’s experiment.  Started the experiment by boiling broth in the curved neck flask to kill any microorganisms  Left the flask to sit for one year – the broth was still clear  After a year, the neck of the flask was broken  Results: After one day being exposed to the air, the broth became contaminated with microorganisms

 5. Why are the gases in the reaction chamber in the Miller-Urey experiment shocked with electrical current?  The electric shock simulated lightning storms from our early atmosphere  6. What are pieces of evidence to explain how chloroplasts and mitochondria might have been self-sustained prokaryotic organisms?  Both chloroplasts and mitochondria  have their own DNA  replicate on their own  are the size of bacteria

 7. What are restriction enzymes and what are they used for in biotechnology?  Restriction enzymes are proteins that cut DNA  Used to make recombinant DNA  8. What is the process of PCR?  The process of making many copies of a segment of DNA  9. What is the role of heating the DNA strands during PCR?  The heat will act like helicase and separates the strand of DNA

 10. What is the role of primers during PCR?  Primers are an area for DNA polymerase to attach to the template strand  11. What is a genome?  All of an individual’s genetic information  12. What are the steps in gel electrophoresis?  DNA strands are cut up  DNA samples get added to chamber wells  Electric current is run through the gel for a specific amount of time  DNA results are analyzed

 13. List the steps of PCR.  Add DNA sample, DNA polymerase, primers, and free nucleotides. Heat the sample to separate DNA.  Cool the sample down and attach primers  DNA polymerase attaches to primers and adds free nucleotides to make a new strand of DNA  Two new strands are made and repeat the process  14. How does gel electrophoresis organize DNA segments?  Organize in two ways, size and charge (negative or positive)  15. What determines how far a DNA segment can travel in electrophoresis?  The smaller the DNA segment and faster and farther it can travel down the gel

 16. Why are VNTR sequences important for identification?  VNTR sequences are important for identification because each individual has their own sequence that is specific and unique to them  17. List the steps in cloning an organism.  Egg cells are extracted from one organism and the nucleus is removed. Cells from the desired organism are removed  Desired organisms cell is fused to egg cell using electric shock  Developing embryo is implanted into a vector for birth

 18. Why does the nucleus of the egg cell need to be extracted in cloning?  The nucleus needs to be removed from the egg because it contains DNA that we do not want to clone  19. What results from a vaccination?  Vaccination results in creating an immunity to a pathogen. Antibodies are created and the body is prepared for infection  20. Explain how genetically modified foods are produced.  GM foods are produces by inserting genes from other organisms into the animal or plant’s genome to enhance their characteristics