A History of Western Society Tenth Edition CHAPTER 27 The Age of Anxiety, ca. 1900–1940 Amended by A. PLAZA Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s John P. McKay ● Bennett D. Hill John Buckler ● Claire Haru Crowston Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks ● Joe Perry

I. Uncertainty in Modern Thought KQ: In what ways did new & sometimes radically experimental ideas in philosophy, religion, physics, psychology, and literature reflect the general crisis in Western thought? A. Modern Philosophy 1.Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) 2. Henri Bergson (1859–1941) and Georges Sorel (1847– 1922) 3. Logical Positivism and Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889– 1951) 4. Existentialism 5. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)

I. Uncertainty in Modern Thought B. The Revival of Christianity 1. Soren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) 2. Karl Barth (1886–1968) 3. Gabriel Marcel (1887–1973) 4. Other Leading Christian Intellectuals

I. Uncertainty in Modern Thought C. The New Physics 1. Marie Curie (1867–1934) and Pierre Curie (1859–1906) 2. Max Planck (1858–1947) 3. Albert Einstein (1879–1955) 4. Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937) 5. Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976)

I. Uncertainty in Modern Thought D. Freudian Psychology 1. Freud’s Ideas A. Id B. The Superego C. The Ego 2. Freudian Therapy 3. Civilization and Its Discontents

I. Uncertainty in Modern Thought E. Twentieth-Century Literature 1. Marcel Proust (1871–1922) 2. Stream of Consciousness Technique 3. James Joyce (1882–1941) 4. Oswald Spengler (1880–1936) 5. Franz Kafka (1883–1924)

II. Modernism in Architecture, Art, and Music KQ: How did modernism revolutionize architecture, painting & music? Modernism: label given to the artistic & cultural movements of the late 19 th & early 20 th centuries, which were typified by radical experimentation that challenged traditional forms of artistic expression. A. Architecture and Design 1. Functionalism : buildings should serve the purpose for which they were made. 2. Le Corbusier (1887–1965) 3. Walter Gropius (1883–1969) and the Bauhaus: “form should follow function.” 4. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969): “less is more.”

II. Modernism in Architecture, Art, and Music B. New Artistic Movements 1. Impressionism : Monet, Manet, Renoir, etc. 2. Post-Expressionism and Expressionism 3. Cubism : Picasso 4. Dadaism : anti-art 5. Surrealism: Dali

II. Modernism in Architecture, Art, and Music C. Modern Music 1. Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971) 2. Alban Berg (1885–1935) 3. Arnold Schönberg (1874–1951)

III. An Emerging Consumer Society KQ: How did the emerging consumer society & mass culture of the interwar years change the everyday lives of ordinary men & women? A. Mass Culture 1. A New Consumer Culture generated by: 2. Impact = democratization & stratification both occurred. Why? 3. The “New Woman” characterized by: 4. Criticisms by a) socialists – b) conservatives – c) religious leaders -

III. An Emerging Consumer Society B. The Appeal of Cinema 1. Development 2. The Golden Age of Silent Film 3. Growing Appeal 4. Propaganda

III. An Emerging Consumer Society C. The Arrival of Radio 1. The Spread of Radio 2. National Broadcasting Networks 3. Propaganda

IV. The Search for Peace and Political Stability KQ: How did the democratic leaders of the 1920s deal w/ deep-seated instability & try to establish real peace & prosperity? A. Germany and the Western Powers 1. Reparations Payments :Germany owed French POV? British economist Keynes’ POV? 2. French Alliances: mutual defense agreements signed with,, &. 3. Reparations and the Great Inflation KQ: What ensued from Germany’s inability to pay reparations?

From the German Point of View  Lost—but not forgotten country.  Into the heart You are to dig yourself these words as into stone: Which we have lost may not be truly lost!

Friedrich Ebert: First President of the Weimar Republic

1923 – France & Belgium occupy Ruhr

German Hyperinflation, 1923 Marks to burn 

1923 – Beer Hall Putsch, Munich

B. Hope in Foreign Affairs 1. The Dawes Plan (1924) 2. Political Settlements (Locarno Pact, 1925) 3. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

European debts to the US

1925 – Locarno Pact Germany agreed to borders w/ France & Belgium, as established by Versailles. Germany signed treaties w/ Poland & Czechoslovakia to alter eastern borders by arbitration only. BR & IT would attack FR/ GR if either invaded other. Caricatured left to right: Aristide Briand (Fr.) Austin Chamberlain (GB) Gustave Stresemann (Gr.)

The League of Nations and the World, 1929

1928 – Kellogg-Briand Pact Architects = _ & _ 15 nations gathered to renounce war/ aggression as instruments to settling disputes. Problem = no means of enforcement.

C. Hope in Democratic Government 1. German Stabilization a. Liberal took root after Nazi coup was crushed in French Stabilization: costs of rebuilding war-torn regions resulted in large deficits and risked. Premier Poincaré stabilized the franc by: & 3. Social Harmony in Britain Postwar unemployment was high (12%) The state provided,, & to avoid social conflicts. The moved toward socialism gradually & democratically. Full autonomy granted to in 1922.

Weimar Germany: Political Representation [ ] Political Parties in the Reichstag May 1924 Dec May 1928 Sep July 1932 Nov Mar Communist Party (KPD) Social Democratic Party (SDP) Catholic Centre Party (BVP) Nationalist Party (DNVP) Nazi Party (NSDAP) Other Parties

France: PM Raymond POINCARE 1923 – sent troops to Ruhr 1927 – stabilized franc by raising taxes & cutting spending to avoid inflation.

Great Britain’s PMs Ramsay MacDonald, Labour PM, 1924, 1929 Stanley Baldwin, Con. PM,

V. The Great Depression, 1929–1939 KQ: What caused the Great Depression? A. The Economic Crisis 1. Economic Weaknesses Before Impact of the Financial Panic 3. Crisis of Production 4. Reasons for the Depression

KQ: What caused the global economic depression? Where: US When: Oct. 24, 1929 Why: 1. stock market crashed a. people bought stocks on credit, gambling that share values would rise. b. U.S. Federal Reserve Bank tightened credit requirements. c. When banks demanded repayment of loans. d. Investors rushed to sell stocks. e. Panicked selling led to a crash in stock values. f. banks forced to close because borrowers can't repay them. g. Economic contraction ensued because credit is difficult to obtain. 2. Agricultural overproduction 3. Rising unemployment 4. Declining Wages 5. Declining consumption 6. American consumption does not sustain European imports. 7. American banks curtailed lending to European states.

V. The Great Depression, 1929–1939 B. Mass Unemployment 1. Unemployment Rates 2. Social Problems

KQ: What were its social and political consequences? A. Social distress B. Rise of political extremes (right & left) C. Democracies forced to conceive of creative solutions 1. US a. FDR - New Deal, b. stimulus programs c. jobs created d. social welfare is undertaken by the state: Social Security. 2. France a. Popular Front coalition govt. formed by leftist parties b. Led by Leon Blum

Great Depression ( ) - Unemployment

German Unemployment:

V. The Great Depression, 1929–1939 KQ: How did the Western democracies respond to this challenge? A. The New Deal in the United States 1. Roosevelt’s Goals A. Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933) B. The National Recovery Administration (NRA) C. The Works Progress Administration (1933) D. National Labor Relations Act (1935) 2. Legacies B. The Scandinavian Response to the Depression 1. Scandinavian Socialism 2. The Socialist Response

V. The Great Depression, 1929–1939 C. Recovery and Reform in Britain and France 1. Orthodox Economic Theory in Britain 2. Explaining British Improvement 3. The French Malaise 4. The Popular Front (1936)