1. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Europe
in the
1920s
Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. Europe in 1919

3. Germany

4. From the German Point of View
 Lost—but not forgotten country.
Into the heart You are to dig yourself these words as into stone: Which we have lost may not be truly lost!

5. Maimed German WW I Veteran

6. The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
Disgruntled German WWI veterans

7. German “Revolutions” [1918]

8. German Freikorps
Nationalist paramilitary group consisting of former soldiers, unemployed youth, & discontents who put down left-wing rebellions during 1918 – 1919.

9. Sparticist Poster

10. Rosa Luxemburg [1870-1919] murdered by the Freikorps
The Spartacist League
Communists who hoped to launch a spontaneous proletarian uprising; led by Karl Leibknecht and Rosa Luxemburg with the aid of Russian Bolsheviks.
Rosa Luxemburg [ ] murdered by the Freikorps

11. Weimar Republic Highly democratic Universal suffrage
Dominated by the Social Democrats
Few reforms (i.e. no nationalization of industry, land reforms, etc.)
Constitution adopted June 1919

12. Friedrich Ebert: First President of the Weimar Republic

13. The German Government: 1919-1920

14. The French in the Ruhr: 1923 Center of Germany Industry
German Workers striked!

15. The French Occupation of the Ruhr

16. The German Mark

17. The German Mark

18. The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923

19. Hitler and the Nazis hatched a plot
kidnap the leaders of the Bavarian government and force them at gunpoint to accept Hitler as their leader
with the aid of famous World War One General Erich Ludendorff, they would win over the German army
proclaim a nationwide revolt and bring down the German democratic government in Berlin

20. Nothing went as planned:
- Bavarian leaders refused to follow him
- The SA was not able to capture the military barracks, state houses, etc.
- Hitler and Ludendorff were arrested

21. The Beer Hall Putsch Idealized

22. Hitler in Landesberg Prison

23. Mein Kampf [My Struggle]

24. European Debts to the United States

25. The Dawes Plan (1924)

26. The Young Plan (1930)
For three generations, you’ll have to slave away!
$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years.

27. Weimar Germany: Political Representation [1920-1933]
Political Parties in the Reichstag
May 1924
Dec
May 1928
Sep. 1930
July 1932
Nov. 1932
Mar. 1933
Communist Party (KPD) 62 45 54 77 89
100 81
Social Democratic Party (SDP)
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic Centre Party (BVP) 88 78 87 97 90 93
Nationalist Party (DNVP) 95
103 73 41 37 52
Nazi Party (NSDAP) 32 14 12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
102
112
122 22 35 23

28. Italy

29. Benito Mussolini [ ]

30. Italian Fasces

31. March on Rome [1922]

32. Fascist Youth

33. Lateran Treaty [1929]

34. England

35. Ramsay MacDonald: 1924, 1929
Labour Party

36. Stanley Baldwin
Conservative Party

37. 1926 General Strike Trades Disputes Act (1927):
All general or sympathy strikes were illegal.
It forbade unions from raising money for political purposes.

38. France

39. Raymond Poincaré & the Conservative Right
He sent French troops into the Ruhr in 1923.
Pushed for large-scale infrastructure reconstruction programs [counting on German reparations to pay for them].
After :
New taxes & tightened tax collections.
Drastic decline in govt. spending that stabilized the franc [the threat of runaway inflation was avoided!]

40. Edouard Herriot & the French Socialists
Progressive social reform.
Spoke for the lower classes, small businessmen, and farmers.
Committed to private enterprise and private property.
Fervently anti-clerical.

41. Collective
Security

42. League of Nations Members

43. Washington Naval Conference [1921-1922]
U. S Britain Japan France Italy

44. The Maginot Line

45. Locarno Pact: 1925

46. Austin Chamberlain (Br.)
Locarno Pact: 1925
Austin Chamberlain (Br.)
Gustave Stresemann (Ger.)
Aristide Briand (Fr.)
Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

47. Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928
15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.
Problem  no way of enforcement.

48. Art
in the
1920s

49. George Grosz
Grey Day (1921)
DaDa

50. The Pillars of Society (1926)
George Grosz
The Pillars of Society (1926)
DaDa

51. Picasso  Studio with Plaster Head [1925]
Cubism

52. Georges Braque  Still Life LeJeur [1929]
Cubism

53. Walter Gropius  Bauhaus Bldg. [1928]

54. The
Great
Depression

55. The Great Depression [1929-1941]
London in 1930
Paris in 1930

56. German Unemployment: 1929-1938

57. The Great Depression [1929-1941]

58. Decrease in World Trade: 1929-1932

59. German Election Results in 1933

60. The “New Napoleons?”