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Napoleon Crossing the Alps In Jacques Louis David

Napoleon Crossing the Alps Today - Unknown

Coup d ‘etat and forms a new government The Consulate In 1799, Napoleon stages a Coup d ‘etat and forms a new government The Consulate First Consul plebiscite He is named First Consul in a plebiscite The Consulate

Kept many changes from the revolution Supported laws that strengthened central gvt. Set up an efficient tax collection system Set up an efficient tax collection system Established a national banking system Established a national banking system Create lycees (public schools) open to all male children Create lycees (public schools) open to all male children Made peace with the church in The Concordant of Developed the Napoleonic Code. Napoleonic Reforms

Gave country a uniform set of laws. Limited individual liberty and promoted authority over individual rights. Restored slavery in the French colonies of the Caribbean. The Napoleonic Code

French Empire In 1804 he holds a second plebiscite creating the French Empire and becomes Emperor of France The French Empire

Coronation of Emperor Napoleon I (1804)

Crowning of Empress Josephine

Napoleon’s Domination of Europe After becoming emperor, Napoleon began preparing an invasion of Great Britain In 1805, the British declared war on France and formed the Third Coalition Two major battles decided the fate of this Coalition. They were : The Battle of Cape Trafalgar The Battle of Austerlitz

Battle of Cape Trafalgar October 21, 1805  Napoleon planned to destroy the British navy and invade England  A combined French and Spanish fleet lured the British into a battle off the southern coast of Spain  The British under Admiral Horatio Nelson destroyed the fleet. However, Nelson was killed in the battle  The defeat caused Napoleon to abandon plans to invade Britain Admiral Horatio Nelson

Battle of Austerlitz ( December 2, 1805)  The Russians were forced to flee back to Poland  The Austrians signed a treaty making them an ally of France.  Napoleon broke up The Holy Roman Empire and formed the Confederation of the Rhine. He added it to his empire. Napoleon crushed a combined Austrian and Russian Army at the small Austrian town of Austerlitz, by luring them into a trap

Napoleon’s Defeat of Prussia Napoleon’s Defeat of Prussia After Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine, the Prussians began to fear his plans for the German territory The Prussians decided to attack the French unaided. Big Mistake! French and Prussian forces met in two major battles which gave Napoleon control of Western Europe. They were: The Battle of Jena The Battle of Friedland Arc de Triomphe, Paris Built in 1807 to commemorate Napoleon’s victories

Battle of Jena1806 Battle of Jena French forces crushed the Prussians and drove them into Poland The French captured and occupied Berlin Prussia retreated into Poland and joined the Russian forces which had been defeated earlier at Austerlitz The new alliance planned to defeat Napoleon at the Polish town of Friedland

Battle of Friedland - (June 1807)  Napoleon defeated a combined Russian and Prussian Army Prussia became an ally of France  Napoleon created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw as a buffer against Russia  Napoleon met with Russian Czar Alexander I and signed the Peace of Tilsit which gave France control of Western Europe and allowed Russia to control Eastern Europe

The Continental System Continental System.In an attempt to crush the British economy, Napoleon ordered all European countries to stop trading with England. This was known as the Continental System. Orders in CouncilBritain responded with Orders in Council, blockading European ports. The navies of both sides seized neutral ships, especially American ship. In the long run, France was hurt more by the Continental System than was England

The Peninsular Campaign ( )  Portugal refused to join the Continental System. In 1808, Napoleon decided to invade and force them to join  After defeating Portugal, Napoleon tried to conquer Spain and place his brother Joseph on the throne.  Intense Spanish nationalism led to savage guerilla warfare between the Spanish people and French troops  The campaign dragged on for 6 years.  More than 300,000 French soldiers died. These men would be needed later.  The Spanish success aroused Nationalism throughout Europe, and inspired subjected countries to fight back

The Russian Campaign 1812 Invade Russia to force them back into the Continental System Invade Russia to force them back into the Continental System Started with 600,000 men. Largest in history Started with 600,000 men. Largest in history Russians retreated slowly as winter set in Russians retreated slowly as winter set in Napoleon’s troops got caught in Moscow during winter and were forced to retreat Napoleon’s troops got caught in Moscow during winter and were forced to retreat Most disastrous retreat in military history Most disastrous retreat in military history By the end of the campaign only 10,000 men remained. By the end of the campaign only 10,000 men remained. Biggest mistake in Napoleon’s reign. Biggest mistake in Napoleon’s reign.

Defeat at the Battle of Nations Leipzig Oct 16-19, 1814 After the disastrous Russian campaign Napoleon returned to Paris and organized a new army. After the disastrous Russian campaign Napoleon returned to Paris and organized a new army. The Fourth Coalition was formed to crush him while he was weakened. The Fourth Coalition was formed to crush him while he was weakened. From Oct , 1814 the “Battle of Nations” raged in Leipzig. (Prussia) From Oct , 1814 the “Battle of Nations” raged in Leipzig. (Prussia) Napoleon was defeated and forced to abdicate. Napoleon was defeated and forced to abdicate. He was allowed to retain his title but was exiled to the island of Elba on the condition that he remain there. He was allowed to retain his title but was exiled to the island of Elba on the condition that he remain there.

Napoleon’s Downfall After Leipzig Louis XVIII was restored as king of France. After Leipzig Louis XVIII was restored as king of France. While European leaders met at the Congress of Vienna to address the problems of the revolution and wars, Napoleon escaped and returned to France While European leaders met at the Congress of Vienna to address the problems of the revolution and wars, Napoleon escaped and returned to France This was known as the “Hundred Days” in which he regained control. Louis XVIII was forced into exile. This was known as the “Hundred Days” in which he regained control. Louis XVIII was forced into exile. Napoleon began building a new army. Napoleon began building a new army.

Napoleon’s Final Downfall The Fourth Coalition was reformed and set out to face Napoleon again. The Fourth Coalition was reformed and set out to face Napoleon again. These armies defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, These armies defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, This time he was sent into exile on a desolate island St. Helena in the South Atlantic. This time he was sent into exile on a desolate island St. Helena in the South Atlantic. He died in 1821 from stomach cancer. He body was later returned to Paris and lies in honor. He died in 1821 from stomach cancer. He body was later returned to Paris and lies in honor.

Napoleon’s body was later returned to Paris where it today lies in an honored position in the chapel of the Les Invalides in Paris near the Eiffel Tower. His body lies inside of six coffins including the outer Mahogany sarcophagus shown above. His tomb is visited by millions annually and he is still revered in France as one of its greatest heroes. Napoleon’s body was later returned to Paris where it today lies in an honored position in the chapel of the Les Invalides in Paris near the Eiffel Tower. His body lies inside of six coffins including the outer Mahogany sarcophagus shown above. His tomb is visited by millions annually and he is still revered in France as one of its greatest heroes.