What is Argumentation? The traditional form of discourse by convincing or persuading an audience or by proving or refuting a point of view or an issue. Argumentation uses induction, moving from observations to generalizations, deduction, moving from generalizations to valid inferences, or both.

2 Purpose Support a cause Promote a change Refute a theory Stimulate a theory Win agreement Arouse sympathy Provoke anger

Audience-targeted readers Who is the audience? What do they know? What do they believe? What do they know? What do they expect? How will they disagree with me? What will they want me to address? How can I or should I use jargon? Should I use language that is informal, factual, objective, - or familiar, anecdotal or personal? 3

Logos- Logical appeal Create a syllogism Ex. All English teachers are brilliant. Mrs. Stevens is an English teacher. Mrs. Stevens is brilliant!! Cite traditional culture Cite commonly held beliefs 4

More logos Allude to history, religious texts, great literature or mythology Manipulate the style Provide testimony Draw analogies Create metaphors 5

Logos continued Order information chronologically Provide evidence Classify evidence Cite authorities Quote research Use facts Theorize about cause and effect Cite precedent 6

Pathos- Emotional Appeal Language that involves the senses Include bias or prejudice Include anecdote Include connotative language Explore euphemisms Use description Use figurative language Develop tone Experiment with informal language 7

Ethos- Ethical Appeal Show written voice in the argument Make the audience believe that the writer is trustworthy Demonstrate that the writer put in research time Support reasons with appropriate, logical evidence Demonstrate that the writer knows the audience and respects them Show concern about communicating with the audience Convince the reader that the writer is reliable and knowledgeable 8

Activity Group 1- Make an appeal to local soldiers to put Humpty Dumpty back together again- Use Logos and Ethos Group 2- Make an appeal to not put Humpty Dumpty back together again-Use Logos and Ethos Group 3- Make an appeal to put Humpty Dumpty back together again using primarily pathos Group 4- Make an appeal to NOT put Humpty Dumpty back together again using primarily pathos After all appeals are made, we will vote as to what to do with Humpty Dumpty. Use all available resources- Most effective appeal will get five bonus points!!! 9

Humpty Dumpty Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall Humpty Dumpty had a great fall All the kings horses And all the kings men Sat around and argued about What to do with Humpty Dumpty. 10