Agriculture In India and China By Navya Dhariwal

PART -I Agriculture in India

Indian Agriculture   Provides about 65% of the livelihood   Accounts for 27% of GDP   Contributes 21% of Total Exports, and Supplies Raw materials to Industries   Growth Rate in production 5.7%  mt  Food grains production mt

 Agriculture Sector is changing the socio-economic environments of the population due to liberalization and globalization  About 75% people are living in rural areas and are still dependent on Agriculture. About 43% of India’s geographical area is used for agricultural activity  Agriculture continues to play a major role in Indian Economy Indian Agriculture

Agricultural Resources   Total Geographical Area (TGA) M.H   Potential for Biological Production M.H   Net Sown Area (NSA)- 143 M.H   Net Irrigated Area - 56 M.H   Area threatened by land degradation - 50% of TGA   Drought-prone Area- 190 M.H

India’s position in world Agriculture Rank Rank  Total Area Seventh  Irrigated Area First  Population Second  Economically Active population Second  Total Cereals Third  Wheat Second  Rice Second  Coarse grains Fourth  Total Pulses First  Oil Seeds Second  Fruits and Vegetables Second  Implements (Tractors) Third  Milk First  Live Stock (castles, Buffaloes) First

Examples of farming systems in India

Mile Stones in Agricultural Development  Green Revolution (1968)  Ever-Green Revolution (1996)  Blue Revolution (water, fish)  White Revolution (Milk)  Yellow Revolution (flower, edible)  Bio-Technology Revolution  ICT Revolution

Development of Indian Agriculture : Basic Issues   Revitalization of Cooperative Institutions   Improving Rural Credits   Research, Education & Extension   Human Resources Development   Trade & Export Promotion   Land Reforms   Enabling Environment for higher Agricultural Growth

Thrust areas:   Diversification of Agriculture   Inter-cropping   Micro Management   Water Management   Organic Farming   Agri-Clinics and Agri-business Centres   Bio-Technology

I ndian Agriculture scenario STRENGTHS STRENGTHS  Rich Bio-diversity  Arable land  Climate  Strong and well dispersed research and extension system OPPORTUNITIES OPPORTUNITIES  Bridgeable yield crops  Exports  Agro-based Industry  Horticulture  Untapped potential in the N.E. WEAKNESS WEAKNESS  Fragmentation of land  Low Technology Inputs  Unsustainable Water Management  Poor Infrastructure  Low value addition THREATS THREATS  Unsustainable Resource Use  Unsustainable Regional Development  Imports

PART -II Agriculture in China

China’s Agriculture summary  1.3 billion people  800 million rural  500 million urban  34 cities with >1 million  Farm production still primarily in the hands of smallholders. E.g.  98% dairy farms & 65% of milk production on farms with less than 20 cows  But 5% output on farms with >1000 cows

Types of Chinese Farm ¾ acre per Chinese farm worker¾ acre per Chinese farm worker 800 million farmers in China800 million farmers in China Communes – Major reforms began in 1979: Households within communes were assigned individual pieces of land. These individual pieces often organized into cooperatives.Communes – Major reforms began in 1979: Households within communes were assigned individual pieces of land. These individual pieces often organized into cooperatives. State farms (very small percent of total)State farms (very small percent of total) Individual farms (significant share of the farms with land leased from the government).Individual farms (significant share of the farms with land leased from the government). Almost all farms now run under a “contract responsibility system” This system was in place by 1985, but still tinkering with the leasing system

China's production response  Production of foods such as animal products, fish and fruits/vegetables has also increased rapidly  Recognises comparative advantage in labour-intensive agriculture  Some reasons:  Economic reforms  Household responsibility system  Development of local markets  Land tenure reform  Less policy emphasis on grains  Vegetable Basket Programme  Productivity growth:1%-5% in livestock  FDI : dairy, horticulture…impacts on productivity & quality

China Agriculture some examples

China agriculture -some examples

Part III Similarity and Difference Between India and China agriculture

Some Similarity in India and China Agriculture   Both are traditionally been agrarian economies   Well over half of its billion-plus peole continue to depend on land for their livelihood   The agriculture sector provides the basic foundation for the industrial expansion with surplus food, raw material and labor.   The pace of industrial advance is severely constrained by the vagaries of agricuature production and dependence on it as a direct source of income is also very substential, even after all these years of industrialisation   Similiar concerns on issue such as food security.

Differences in India and China Agriculture   Widest difference lies in the diverging productivity level of various Crops and in the differential mix of crop and non- crop segements in the overall compostion of farm sector.   Rate of growth in Horticulture sector (Fruits and vegetables) in China is double than that of India  

Reason for higher growth in China agriculture The reason for China having outperformed India in agriculture are threefold   Technological improvement accruing from Research and Development.   Investment in Rural infrastructur development, and   Increasing Libralised agriculture policy   China govt. invested RMB 12bn ($1.5bn) in agriculture research in 2006 up from RMB 4 bn in 1995   Having over 1000 R&D centers only for agriculture   China invested RMB 152 bn ($20bn) in building and reconstruction of 3.25Lacs KM of rural road in   Some two third of all cotton grown in China is BT Cotton   Nearly 100% of paddy is of a modern variety

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