Chapter 21 continued

1960 Greensboro, North Carolina Sit-ins/ civil disobediencecivil disobedience 1962 Supreme Court Ruled Segregation Illegal in all Transportation Facilities 1963 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Delivers “I have a Dream Speech” 1964 Congress Passes Civil Rights Act – Declaring discrimination based on race Illegal 1965 Voting Rights Act signed 1966 Edward Brooke, First US black senator elected

1967 Thurgood Marshal first black named to Supreme Court 1975 Voting Rights Act extended 1988 Congress passes Civil Rights Restoration Act 1989 Colin Powell first black to serve as chairman of Joint Chiefs of staff 1996 Supreme Court rules using race in creating congressional districts is unconstitutional 2003 University of Michigan's Law school policy upheld by Supreme Court 2008 Civil Rights Act of 2008

Equity v. Equality Equity – Equal opportunities. In terms of access to natural, social and economic resources Equity is essentially being fair by providing similar benefits to two persons - Emergency Rooms - McDonald’s toy Equality - the quality of being the same in quantity or measure or value or status a state of being essentially equal Recognizes that there are aspects of people and situations that are identical, and that those needs and aspects must be recognized and treated the same.

Affirmative Action The set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin Under the law as written in Executive Orders and interpreted by the courts, anyone benefiting from affirmative action must have relevant and valid job or educational qualifications. According to the United States Dept. of Labor These procedures should be incorporated into the company’s written personnel policies. Employers with written affirmative action programs must implement them, keep them on file and update them annually.

VotingVoting Rights Act 1975 In 1975 the Act was amended to include rights for language minorities. These amendments mandated bilingual ballots and oral assistance to those who spoke Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Native American languages, and Eskimo languages

Civil Rights Act 2008 Among its many provisions, the Civil Rights Act of 2008 would: Ensure that federal funds are not used to subsidize discrimination and hold recipients of federal funds accountable for discrimination that occurs on their watch. The legislation would restore the ability of victims of discrimination to challenge practices that have an unjustified discriminatory effect based on race, national origin, sex, age or disability.. Hold employers accountable for age discrimination by requiring state employers to give workers full relief for age discrimination, Improve accountability for other violations of civil rights and workers’ rights, such as prohibiting employers from requiring workers to give up the right to enforce employment laws in court in order to get a job or keep a job.

Civil Disobedience Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical violence. It is one of the primary tactics of nonviolent resistance. Civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against unfair laws. It has been used in many well-documented nonviolent resistance movements in the United States.