1. Chapter 4 Section 3 & 4

2. Civil War Amendments
The 13th Amendment – officially outlawed slavery in the United States (1865)
The 14th Amendment – defined US citizenship (those born or naturalized in the US) and guaranteed equal protection of the laws (1868)
This meant that the Bill of Rights was extended to all citizens in all cases – not just federal cases
The 15th Amendment – prohibited restrictions on the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (1870)

3. Women’s Suffrage
Women were denied the right to vote in most cases in the US
In 1848 a women’s suffrage movement began. It was led by many women, including Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Wyoming permitted women to vote in 1869 and many other states allowed at least partial suffrage to women
The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote in all federal and state elections (1920)

4. Election Amendments
12th Amendment – revised the procedures for electing the President and Vice-President (1804)
17th Amendment – allowed voters to directly elect US senators instead of State Legislatures (1913)
23rd Amendment – gave residents of the District of Columbia the right to vote for President (1961)
25th Amendment – abolished poll taxes (1967) – many states used these to prevent full suffrage
26th Amendment – Set the voting age at 18 (1971) – the protests over the Vietnam War caused it

5. Election Amendments
20th Amendment – changed the dates of the terms for the Executive and Legislative branches to the 20th and 3rd of January from March
22nd Amendment – limits the President to two terms of office or 10 years in office (1951) – basically a response to the four terms that FDR was elected to from 1932 – 1944
The 25th amendment (1967) officially states that the V.P. becomes President when the President is removed, dies, or resigns

6. Election Amendments
25th Amendment says: The V.P. becomes Acting President if
the president informs Congress, in writing, “that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office.”
The Vice President and a majority of the members of the Cabinet inform Congress, in writing that the President is incapacitated
It has happened twice when Presidents have had minor surgery

7. Other Amendments
11th Amendment – placed limits on suits against states (1795)
16th Amendment – gives Congress the power to levy an income tax (1913)
18th Amendment – Prohibited making, drinking, or selling alcoholic beverages (1917)
21st Amendment – Repeals the 18th Amendment (1933)
27th Amendment – delays congressional pay raises until the term following their passage (1992)

8. Struggle for Rights
Discrimination – unfair treatment based on prejudice against a certain group
African Americans were denied the right to vote and were segregated – segregation is the social separation of the races
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – the Court said that separate but equal facilities were constitutional
This case established segregation as legal, it was the law in many states for close to 100 years

9. Struggle for Rights
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) – the Court held that segregation in public education was unconstitutional
This landmark case reversed Plessy v. Ferguson and led to the end of segregation – it was a long, hard, and slow process though
In 1955, after the arrest of Rosa Parks, African-Americans, led by Dr. Martin Luther King, organized a peaceful protest against segregation with a bus boycott in Montgomery Alabama

10. Struggle for Rights The Civil Rights Act of 1964 –
it provides that no person may be denied access to or refused service in various “public accommodations” because of race, color, religion, or national origin
Prohibits discrimination against any person on grounds of race, religion, national origin, sex, or physical disability in any program that receives any federal funding; require the cut-off of federal funds to any program that practices such discrimination
Forbids employers and labor unions to discriminate against any person on grounds of race, color, religion, sex, physical disability, or age in job-related matters

11. Struggle for Rights
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was designed to finally guarantee African – Americans the right to vote. It was renewed in 2006.
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 (the Open Housing Act)
it forbids anyone to refuse to sell or rent a dwelling to any person on grounds of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, or disability
It also forbids refusal to sell or rent to a family with children
Housing still remains one of the most segregated areas of our society today

12. Affirmative Action
A policy that requires most employers take positive steps to remedy the effects of past discriminations
It applies to all the agencies of the Federal Government, to all the States and their local governments, and to all private employers who sell goods or services to any agency of the Federal Government
The point of Affirmative Action is to make up for past discrimination

13. Affirmative Action
Some critics of affirmative action claim it is a form of reverse discrimination, or discrimination against the majority group
Regents of the university of California v. Bakke (1978) – a white male had been denied admission to the university’s medical school – the school reserved 16 or the 100 spots for minority students. The Court ruled that he be admitted – but did say that race can be one factor in admission
Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) – the court struck down a University of Michigan point-based admission policy that it felt gave excessive points to minority applicants

14. Racial Profiling
A continuing problem is racial profiling by law enforcement officers – it involves being singled out as a suspect because of the way a person looks
Many states have laws that treat acts of violence based on a person’s race, color, national origin, gender, or disability as hate crimes. These crimes carry tougher penalties.