Radical Revolution and Reaction Chapter 3 Section Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual liberty. 1.Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America (e.g., John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simón Bolívar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison). 2. List the principles of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights (1689), the American Declaration of Independence (1776), the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), and the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791). 4. Explain how the ideology of the French Revolution led France to develop from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic empire.

Objectives By the end of this lesson students should be able to: 1. Explain the main concerns of the National Convention 2. Describe the events surrounding the Reign of Terror 3. Describe aspects of Robespierre’s Republic of Virtue

A. The Move to Radicalism 1. The National Convention Paris Commune force Legislative Assembly to call a National Convention Commune led by Georges Danton Believed the king and nobles resisted popular will 1792, National Convention began meeting Split into two factions Girondons- favored keeping king alive The Mountain- favored executing the king

2. The Execution of Louis XVI 1793, Louis was executed by guillotine Created new enemies for the revolution 3. The Committee of Public Safety Many European countries form a coalition against France Britain, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and the Dutch National Convention gives broad powers to a committee of 12 people Called the Committee of Public Safety Led by Maximilien Robsepierre

B. The Reign of Terror 1. Overview Happened btwn 1793 and 1794 C.O.P.S. was in control of gov’t Suppose to protect threats to France, both foreign and domestic Set up Revolutionary courts, which tried and executed 40,000 people 16,000 killed by the Guillotine Most killed were aristocrats, wealthy nobles Marie Antoinette and Olympe de Gouges among those guillotined

2. Crushing Rebellion Rev. Armies were sent into “rebellious” cities Lyon, France 1,880 citizens executed Mostly by grapeshot, (cluster of small iron balls) Nantes, France Victims executed by drowning People from all classes of people were killed Men, women, children, clergy

3. The Republic of Virtue French society shaped by Robespierre People given the title “citizen” a) Good citizens formed by good education b) Slavery was abolished in all French colonies c) Women involved in politics d) De-Christianization

4. A Nation in Arms Foreign troops prepare to invade France Committee of Public Safety issues a call to arms Men, women, and children were called to help fight the war By 1794, French army numbered over 1 million soldiers They pushed the invaders back and took over the Austrian Netherlands

5. The End of the Terror By mid-1794, most of France’s enemies were defeated Robespierre continued to execute all he enemies of France Many of his deputies were afraid that he might turn on them, so they voted to arrest and condemn him On July 28, 1794, Robespierre was put to the guillotine The Reign of Terror came to a halt

C. The Directory New government was formed w/ new constitution Called the Directory There would be a legislative body of 2 houses Council of 500 would make laws Council of Elders would accept or reject laws Members of both house would be chosen by electors or qualified voters -only about 30,000 people in the nation were qualified to be electors

The Executive Branch was called the Directory which was a ruling committee of 5 The directory was known for corruption France was still in debt and fighting wars After four years General Napoleon Bonaparte toppled the government in a coup d’ etat or sudden overthrow of the government