Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries? Key Issue #3 Population Chapter 2 Honors/AP Geography Helix Charter High School

What is a Demographic Transition?  Stages - once passes - a country cannot return  Stage 1: Low Growth Early civilizations Early civilizations Hunters and gatherers Hunters and gatherers Limited growth Limited growth Growth caused by the Agricultural Revolution - stable food sources needed for survival Growth caused by the Agricultural Revolution - stable food sources needed for survival No current countries in Stage 1 No current countries in Stage 1

What is a Demographic Transition?  Stage 2: High Growth CDR drops dramatically while CBR remains constant = high NIR Industrial Revolution Increased wealth which led to better conditions in communities New machinery which increased agricultural production Improved public services -- sewers - less disease Medical Revolution - medical technology - vaccines, penicillin

What is a Demographic Transition?  Stage 3: Moderate Growth CBR begins to drop CBR begins to drop CDR continues to drop (slowly) CDR continues to drop (slowly) CBR and CDR gap narrows - lowering NIR CBR and CDR gap narrows - lowering NIR People choose to have fewer children People choose to have fewer children Medical advances improve likeliness of a child livingMedical advances improve likeliness of a child living Economic conditions - living in cities; smaller homes in citiesEconomic conditions - living in cities; smaller homes in cities

What is a Demographic Transition?  Stage 4: Low Growth  CBR=CDR; zero population growth (ZPG) TFR (total fertility rate) - leads to ZPG - unless country has high immigrant rate where TFR should be lower to equal ZPG Women in the labor force Changes in lifestyles that promote smaller families

The Demographic Transition in England - Case Study  Stage 1 - Low Growth till 1750  Stage 2 - High Growth ( ); Industrial Revolution; new production techniques; improving health conditions  Stage 3 - Moderate Growth (1880-early 1970s);  Stage 4 - Low Growth (early 1970s-present);  England is a good case study because it has the same boundaries

Why use a Population Pyramid?  Bar graph - visual look at population growth  Age and gender graphs

Age-Sex Pyramid: Germany, 1989 Aspects of Germany’s Age- Sex Pyramid WWI & WWII male deaths WWI & WWII male deaths Birth deficits of WWI & WWII Birth deficits of WWI & WWII Excess females in the wake of war Excess females in the wake of war Postwar baby boom Postwar baby boom Baby bust in the rapidly developing, and now defunct, country of West Germany Baby bust in the rapidly developing, and now defunct, country of West Germany

Population Pyramids of Rapid, Slow, and Zero Population Growth, 1990 DenmarkUnited StatesKenya

Importance of Age Distribution?  Dependency ratio - # of people who are too young old to work vs. number of people who can work  Stage 2 countries have more dependents than Stage 4 - more pressure on workers to support others  Stage 4 has increases in elderly - needing more services

Importance of Sex Ratio  Generally, more males are born than females  Males have higher death rates (war, violence, immigration  Women live longer - but more women in poor countries die during childbirth

Stage 2 Case Study - Cave Verde  High Growth  Anti-malaria - increased health conditions  High birth rates (based on earlier famine) have continued even though the famine is not occurring  Movement to Stage 3 when women have fewer children

Stage 3 Case Study - Chile  Moderate Growth  Movement from rural society to urban  Movement from Stage 2 to Stage 3 a result of a government family- planning policy  Stage 4 is distant because of reversal of gov’t policy; desire to increase population for national security and opposition by Roman Catholic Church towards artificial birth control

Stage 4 Case Study - Denmark  Low Growth  Similar to England  Column-like population pyramid  Increasing # of elderly vs. children

What is the Relationship Between Demographic Transition and World Population Growth?  Increased world population because not enough countries in Stage 4  CDR can be brought about by technology but CBR can only happen by choice of people