Measuring weather Use this PowerPoint to help you revise the key words and processes we have examined during this module.

Other internet resources:  You can also check out these links:  ics/weather.html ics/weather.html ics/weather.html  Good for the types of rainfall and air masses.  phy/weather/climaterev3.shtml phy/weather/climaterev3.shtml phy/weather/climaterev3.shtml  Good for influences on climate.

People who study and forecast the weather are: Meteorologists

But what is weather?  Weather is the state of the atmosphere in a place at a given time.  Climate is the average weather in a place over a period of many years.

 To measure the weather meteorologists use a range of tools.  It is important to know what the different types of weather are, how they are measured, what equipment and what units are used. Think back your P2L work…  We’ll have a look at some of them on the next few slides…

Precipitation  Moisture falling from the sky  Includes rain, snow, sleet  Measured with a rain gauge.  Units: Millimetres

Temperature  How hot or cold it is.  Measured with a thermometer.  Units Degrees Centigrade/Celsius

Air Pressure  The weight of the air.  Measured with a barometer.  Units Millibars.

Wind Direction  Where the wind is blowing FROM.  A North West wind is blowing FROM the North West.  Measured with a wind vane.  Recorded as a compass point direction.

Wind speed  How fast the wind is blowing.  Measured with an Anemometer.  Units Kilometers per hour (KPH)

Cloud Cover  How much of the sky is covered in clouds.  Measured by looking at the sky with your eyes and estimating how many eighths (1/8ths) of the sky is covered in cloud.  Units Oktas  Or by using satellite images

Visibility  How far you can see clearly.  Measured with a visibility meter  Units Meters or Kilometers

Weather is the state of the a________ in a p____ at a given_______. C is the a________ weather in a place over a period of ______years. M_____________ study the _________. Use these key words to complete the definitions above. Meteorologists Climate Time Atmosphere Many Average Weather Copy these down into your books. Test Yourself: Weather Key word Definitions

Recap some of our keywords using this sheet… Use the earlier slides to help you.

Precipitation is water falling from the sky. There are three types of rain:  Convectional rainfall  Relief rainfall  Frontal rainfall  You have had the chance in lessons to draw and label diagrams of these.

Convectional Rain Stage 1. The sun heats the ground and warm air rises. Stage 2 As the air rises it cools and water vapour condenses to form clouds. Stage 3. When the condensation point is reached large cumulonimbus clouds are formed. Stage 4. Heavy rain storms occur. These usually include thunder and lightening due to the electrical charge created by unstable conditions.

Relief rainfall Stage 1. Warm wet air is forced to rise over high land. Stage 2. As the air rises it cools and condenses. Clouds form and precipitation occurs. Stage 3. The drier air descends and warms. Stage 4. Any moisture in the air (e.g. cloud) evaporates.

Frontal rain Stage 1. An area of warm air meets and area of cold air. Stage 2. The warm air is forced over the cold air Stage 3. Where the air meets the warm air is cooled and water vapour condenses. Stage 4. Clouds form and precipitation occurs

These links have animated diagrams to help you revise the three types of rainfall.

Remember the sentence closure we did?

Air Masses Huge Blocks of air that influence weather. Many air masses cross Britain. That’s why our weather can change very quickly. They are wet or dry, warm or cold depending where they come from

We can use air masses to help explain different climates  To do this we need to know what sort of air they bring: Warm or Cold, dry or Moist.

Air Masses That Effect Europe Cold Air from the Arctic Polar Continental Cold dry air in Winter. Warm dry air in Summer from Russia and the Arctic Warm Dry Air from Africa Warm Moist air from the South West that has collected moisture as it crosses the Atlantic Cool Moist air from the North Atlantic

Air Masses: Test Yourself! Complete the Captions on the Map ______ Air from the__________ Polar Continental _____________ air in Winter. Warm, dry air in __________ from Russia and the ___________ Warm, _________Air from Africa W_________, Moist air from the __________that has collected ____________ as it crosses the Atlantic Cool, M_______ air from the Atlantic Word Box Arctic Moist Warm South West Moisture Cold and Dry Cold Summer Arctic

Climate  Climate is the average weather in a place over a period of many years.

Climate is often shown using a climate graph  This shows average temperature and precipitation (rainfall) month by month.  Use the next slide to make sure you can read a climate graph.

Title tells you what and where the graph is about. The month the data is for! RED LINE shows the temperature. The Blue Columns show rainfall. Rainfall in mm shown here! Temperature shown here!

Influences on Weather and Climate Prevailing Wind Direction Distance From Coast Ocean Currents: North Atlantic Drift Altitude Shelter Built up Areas Latitude ( How far North or South of the Equator) There are 8 influences on climate Air Masses We can use these to explain the different climates in different places.

Influences on Weather and Climate Prevailing Wind Direction Distance From Coast Ocean Currents: North Atlantic Drift Altitude Shelter Built up Areas Latitude ( How far North or South of the Equator) Air Masses The higher you go the cooler it is. Temperature falls 1 degree for every 100m higher The further from the equator the cooler it is. The sea breeze keeps the coast cool in Summer and warmer in Winter The sea is cooler than the land in summer. The sea is warmer than the land in winter. The warm North Atlantic Drift passes the West of the UK. It warms the wind, so it keeps the West coast warmer The direction the wind normally blows from. In the UK this comes from the southwest. It brings warm, moist air from the Atlantic. This brings rain. Huge blocks of air. Depending where they come from they can be warm or cool, dry or moist Polar Continental brings cold dry weather in Winter and warm dry air in Summer. Buildings and cars in towns give off heat. This warms the air, so cities are warmer than the countryside. Hills may shelter a place keeping it warmer and drier. Other places are exposed to wind and rain.

Here is some more information on 4 of them…  But make sure you have learned all 8 so you can explain why different parts of Europe experience different climates!  Climate is the average weather in a place over many years.

Latitude We live near the Equator its nice and warm I’ll be able to work on my tan We live miles from the equator there will be no sunbathing Or any surfing for that matter

Latitude  Question  Question – where is the hottest place on the Earth?  The  The Equator  So  So the closer to the equator we are…  The  The hotter it is!  This  This is the most important influence on climate.

Air Masses Huge blocks of air that bring different temperatures and amounts of moisture depending where they come from. Cool, Moist air from the North Atlantic Cold Air from the Arctic Polar Continental from Russia and the Arctic. Cold, dry air in Winter. Warm dry air in Summer Warm, Dry Air from Africa Warm, Moist air from the South West. Collects moisture as it crosses the Atlantic Ocean

Altitude Relief  How do mountains effect the weather?  What happens as we go up a mountain?  The higher up we go the cooler it gets.  Do you remember relief rain?  On my side it rains a lot this is known as the windward side  On the other side it is known as the leeward side. It is sheltered.

How does this effect the UK rainfall?  The Pennine mountains act like a umbrella for the East side of the UK  The warm air travels from the Atlantic Ocean, it is pushed up and rises, the water droplets then condense on the West side of the mountains  This forms clouds and it rains  Relief rainfall  So the East stays dry

Human Influence: Built Up Areas  The tall buildings in the city act like a tunnel causing the Wind to blow continuously.  Microclimates- what happens to the heat that cars, houses, factories give out?  It warms the air around towns and cities

Influences on Weather and Climate Prevailing Wind Direction Distance From Coast Ocean Currents: North Atlantic Drift Altitude Shelter Built up Areas Latitude ( How far North or South of the Equator) There are 8 influences on climate. Use the web diagram you did in your exercise book to learn them! Makes sure you can describe and explain them for a level 5! Air Masses

Different parts of Europe experience different weather.

The 8 influences on climate all contribute to the different climates in Europe… Especially-  Latitude  Air Masses  Altitude and Relief  Ocean Currents  Prevailing wind- in the UK from the south west.  You will need to be able choose which ones are effecting different areas, explain what effect they have and why!  The next slide will give you some ideas…

Altitude and relief – Relief rainfall, shelter, lower temperatures at altitude Latitude- Nearer the Equator Further from the Atlantic Brings moist air to the West of Europe Ocean Currents and Air flows

The influences we have studied effect the climate of Europe. Europe can be divided into 5 zones of experiencing different climates caused by these influences

Now look back through your exercise book.  Make sure you can describe and explain understand these key topics