PANAROMA of TAXI TRANSPORT WORLDWIDE IN COMPARISION WITH MIDDLE EAST CITIES Kaan Yıldızgöz UITP Training Director

Taxis Cabs & Population New York city has the highest numbers of Taxis, i.e. 78,974 taxis for 8.5 million inhabitants. Number of People (in City) per Taxi UITP 2 Avg Note: Taxi data for Kuala Lumpur is based on UITP MCD Study Average is calculated excluding Izmir and Walloon Region Number of People (in City) per Taxi

Types of Taxi Permits UITP 3 New York FHV Livery Cars (non-SHL) FHV Black Car FHV Luxury Limo Street Hail Liveries (SHL) Paratransit Vans Commuter Vans Medallion Taxis Stand-by Taxis Seoul Company Taxi Privately owned Taxi Oslo Taxi Limousines License for Occasional Transport License for Transport of Disabled Abu Dhabi Standard Taxis Airport Taxis Special Need Smart Taxis Doha Normal/Street Karwa Taxis Karwa Airport Taxis Dubai Ordinary taxi Airport taxi Hala taxi Limousine Singapore Regular Taxi Premium Taxi Helsinki Regular Taxi Invalid Taxi Kuala Lumpur Taxi (Budget, Executive, TEKS1M) Airport Taxi Hired Car Limousine+K8 Hire and Drive- Tourism Hire and Drive –Commercial Sharjah City Taxi Airport taxi Milan Taxi Private Hire Vehicle Ankara / Izmir Service Taxi Kıngston & Montego Bay Hackney Carriages Route Taxis Casablanca Small Taxi Large Taxi Melbourne Taxi License Hire Car License Mumbai Meter-fitted Taxi Fleet Taxi Tourist Taxi Delhi Local Taxi City Taxi Rent-a-Cab Tourist Taxi Sao Paulo / Rio De Janeiro Regular Taxis Special Taxis Luxe Tehran Taxi Service Taxi Airport Taxi Shuttle Taxi Others Riga Taxi – Light Vehicle Budapest City Taxi Mexico City Taxi Private Hire

City Taxis Cabs & Population Mexico city has the largest fleet of taxi cabs in the world with more than 150,000 taxis in the city Number of People (in City) per City Taxi UITP 4 Avg Note: Taxi data for Kuala Lumpur is based on UITP MCD Study Average is calculated excluding Izmir and Walloon Region

Contract Period - between Authorities & Operators Most of the cities are giving taxis license to individuals owner / operators CityPeriod AnkaraUnlimited Budapestn/a Casablancan/a HelsinkiUnlimited IzmirUnlimited Kıngston & Montego Bay1 year Kuala Lumpur7 years Melbourne1 year MilanUnlimited Mexico City10 years New York Cityn/a Oslo6 years Rigan/a Sao Paulo1 year SeoulUnlimited CityPeriod Abu Dhabi5 years Delhi5 years Doha5 years Dubai3 years Mumbai5 years Rio De Janeiro7 years Sharjah3 years Singapore10 years TehranUnlimited Walloon Region5 years Contract with Operators License to Individuals UITP 5

Car Distance in The city AuthoritiesAverage Distance (km)Paid Distance % % of Double shift cars of total fleet Abu Dhabi324 49%10.00% Ankara % Delhi220 52%22.00% Doha314 56%42.00% Dubai675 58%100.00% Izmir250 35%100.00% Kuala Lumpur280 40%40.00% Milan150 66%8.00% Mumbai225 53%35.00% New York City % Oslo223 47%-- Sao Paulo % Seoul244 56%-- Sharjah % Singapore440 68%68.10% Tehran % Average Distance per car per day in KM UITP 6

Car Trips in the city Average Trips Per Car Per Day Most of the cities with good taxi system have high numbers of trips per car per day. UITP 7

Taxis Vehicles Age of Taxi Vehicle – Average Age of Fleet Vs. Age of Oldest Car In some of the cities, there is mandatory requirement to replace the vehicle after certain age. UITP 8

Taxi Vehicle Brands in the City Toyota’s and Hyundai’s vehicles are among the more popular taxi models. New York 1.Toyota Sienna 2.Lexus Rx 3.Dodge Grand Caravan 4.Nissan NV Ford Transit Seoul 1.Hyundai Sonata / Equus 2.KIA Lotize / K5 / Carnival 3.Renault Samsung SM5 Delhi / Mumbai 1.Maruti Suzuki Dezire 2.Toyota Eitos 3.Hyundai Santro Casablanca 1.Mercedes-Benz 2.Dacia Lodgy 3.Ssang Young 4.Peugeot 5.Fiat Doblo Abu Dhabi 1.Mercedes Vito 2.Toyota Innova 3.Toyota Camry 4.Nissan Altima Dubai 1.Toyota Camry 2.Nissan Altima 3.Toyota Innova / Sonata 4.Chevrolet Malibu Doha 1.Toyota Camry 2.Nissan Altima 3.Volkswagen Jetta 4.Skoda Superb 5.Hyundai Sonata 6.Toyota Innova / Previa / Firtybar Singapore 1.Hyundai i40 / Sonata / i30 2.Chervrolet Epica 3.Toyota Wish / Axio / Camry / Prius / Premio 4.Renault Latitude 5.Kia Magentis / Optima Kuala Lumpur 1.Naza Citra / Ria 2.Nissan Serena 3.Proton BLM / Exora / Iswara / Persona / Waja / Wira 4.Toyota Innova Sharjah 1.Toyota Camry / Innova / Hiace 2.Nissan Altima 3.Hyundai Sonata / H1 / i40 Milan 1.Toyota Prius & Hybrid 2.Toyota Auris & Hybrid Oslo 1.Mercedes-Benz 2.Toyota 3.Volvo 4.Volkswagen 5.Ford 6.Skoda UITP Tehran 1.Peugeot 2.Samand 3.Paykan 4.Pride 5.Hyundai 6.Proton 7.Renault Riga 1.Ford 2.Toyota 3.Mercedes Benz 4.Volkswagen Sao Paulo 1.Fiat Siena / Dobló 2.Ford Focus / Fiesta 3.Chevrolet Meriva / Zafira 4.Honda-New Fit / City 5.Nissan Livina / Tiida / Leaf 6.Renault Logan / Gran Tour 7.Volkswagen Voyage / SpaceFox 8.Toyota Corolla / Prius Mexico City 1.Nissan Sentra 2.Nissan Tsuru

Taxi Vehicle by Type of Conventional & Alternative Fuel used UITP 10 HEVs (Hybrid)BEVs (Electric)LPGCNG Abu Dhabi 131,815 Ankara 6,160 Charleroı 24 Delhi38 18,073 Dubai 243 Izmir 2,596 Mexico City 30 Milan 2,500 New York 8,152 Oslo 500 Sao Paulo 33,081(Ethanol) / 116 (Gas)10 Seoul 48, Sharjah 20 Singapore 1,7361,968 Tehran 50,882

Dispatch/Call Center Number of Dispatch Jobs Per Day City Calls Received Jobs Done % of jobs done Time To Reach Abu Dhabi10,0009,80098%7 min Doha1, %15-20 min Dubai- RTA20,18617,50887%14 min Milan30,00028,50095%3 min Seoul57, min Sharjah1, %12-15 min Singapore91,68593,659*102%5 min Most of taxis operators are shifting towards mobile-app booking but Call Center plays a critical role in some cities * Some bookings were made from other sources like third party taxi service providers as well as taxi companies’ own booking application UITP 11

Passengers’ Complaints No. of passenger complaints per 100,000 KM Most of the cities do not have centralized database to monitor passengers’ complaints. UITP 12

Cars Accidents No. of Accidents per 100,000 KM Most of the cities do not have centralized database to monitor cars accidents. UITP 13 Singapore - Only for accidents where drivers are at fault

Taxi Drivers- Authorities AuthoritiesNo. of DriversNo. NationalitiesMajor Nationalities Abu Dhabi14,04237Bangladesh – Pakistan - Nepal Ankara14,6301Turkey Budapest5,500-6,0001Hungarian Casablanca30,0001Morocco Delhi40,0001Indian Doha4,76219Bangladesh – Nepal - Kenya Dubai21,81926Pakistan – Bangladesh - India Kıngston2,0001Jamaica Kuala Lumpur37,0021Malaysia Melbourne15,442--Australia - Asia Mexico City300,0001Mexican Milan5,1501Only 2% foreigners Mumbai65,0001India New York City Bangladesh – India - USA Oslo4,5001Norway – Pakistan – Somalia Rio De Janeiro60,0001Brazilin Sao Paulo80,1351Only 5% foreigners Seoul87,7891Korea Sharjah5,41720Pakistan – Bangladesh - India Singapore55,0001Singapore Tehran Iranian Walloon Region62717Belgium – Morocco – Algeria UITP 14

Driver Permit Conditions AuthoritiesAge in YearsValidityLanguage RequirementsOther Conditions Abu Dhabi21-50 years1 yearArabic - EnglishMedical Fitness / Security Clearance Ankara40 yearsLifetimeTurkish - English-- Budapest21 years5 yearsRegional/LocalPÁV II (special exam for professional drivers) Casablanca23 years5 yearsRegional/Local-- Delhi / Mumbai20 years3 yearsRegional/LocalPolice Record / Local Domicile Doha20-45 years5 yearsArabic - EnglishEye Test / NOC from Sponsor Dubai21 – 60 years10 yearsArabic - EnglishMedical Certificate / Driver Training Helsinki18-70 years--Finnish – SwedishNo Crime Record (5 years) Kıngston21 years5 yearsEnglishPolice Record / Recommendation Letter Kuala Lumpur23 year1 year Malay – Tamil – English - Chinese No accidents record Melbourne18 years--EnglishKnowledge Test of Melbourne Milan21 years5 yearsItalian - EnglishNo Serious Crime New York City< 19 years1 yearEnglishDrug Test / Medical Exam Oslo18 yearsLifetimeRegional/Local-- Riga21 years--Regional/Local3 years Driving Experience Rio De Janeiro18-65 years1 yearRegional /Local-- Sao Paulo years1 yearRegional/Local-- Seoul21 years1 yearKorean 5 years commercial driver experience with no accidents Sharjah23-55 years6 monthsArabic - EnglishMedical Certificate Singapore years3 yearsRegional/Local Criminal Background Check / Medical Fitness & pass an English assessment test (WPL) Tehran23 years1 yearPersianMarried / Diploma or Degree Walloon Region21 years1 yearRegional/LocalWritten Test UITP 15

Credit Card Payment Option New York Electronic Meter Credit Card Payment 55% of all trips Seoul Electronic Meter Credit Card Payment 66% of all trips Oslo Electronic Meter Credit Card Payment Abu Dhabi Mobile Data Terminal Only in Airport Taxis Dubai Electronic Meter Credit Card Payment 8.5% of all trips Singapore Electronic Meter Credit Card Payment Kuala Lumpur Electronic Meter Credit Card Payment – Only in TEKS1M Milan Electronic Meter Credit Card Payment 20-30% of all trips Ankara Electronic Meter Credit Card Payment 10-12% of all trips Izmir Electronic Meter Credit Card Payment 10% of the transaction Melbourne Electronic Meter Credit Card Payment Delhi / Mumbai Electronic Meter Credit Card Payment Sao Paulo / Rio De Janeiro Electronic Meter Credit Card Payment UITP 16 Budapest Electronic Meter POS Terminals are installed in taxis Riga Electronic Meter Credit Card Payment Mexico City Electronic Meter Credit Card Payment - Uber

Other Taxi Services CityLadies Taxi Disabled/ Special Needs Students Taxi Others (Family Taxi) Abu Dhabi Yes (60 taxis)Yes No BudapestNo CasablancaNo Delhi Yes (70 taxis) No DohaNo Yes (5 taxis) No Dubai Yes (100 taxis)Yes (11 taxis)Yes Aunak (10 taxis) MelbourneNo Yes (480 taxis) No MilanNo Yes No Mumbai Yes No New York CityNo Yes (578 taxis) No-- Oslo Yes (10 taxis)Yes (200 taxis) No Riga Yes No Sao PauloNo Yes No SeoulNo Yes (423 taxis) No Sharjah Yes (14 taxis)Yes (5 taxis) No SingaporeNo Yes (200 taxis) No Tehran Yes (1,000 taxis) No Yes (14,000 taxis) Walloon RegionNo Yes (10 taxis) No UITP 17

RTA- DubaiTrans AD- Abu DhabiLTA- Singapore Complaints per 100,000 kmComplaints /100,000km Percentage of Calls answered by dispatch System Drivers Fines per 100,000kmDrivers Fines /100,000km Waiting Time for dispatch system to answer Dispatch Job acceptance Rate Percentage of jobs done Accidents Rate per 100,000 kmAccidents / 100,000km Waiting time for dispatch center to confirm taxi Customer Satisfaction survey Avg. Time required to reach customer Passenger waiting time for taxi to arrive Fleet UtilizationCustomer SatisfactionFirst Inspection Rate Drivers Satisfaction surveyCNG Vehicles out of total fleetAccident Rate Mystery Shopper Audits Drivers SatisfactionOffense Rate Complaint Rate per 100,000 Km Mystery Shopper Percentage of taxis on the Road During Peak Periods Fleet Utilization Percentage of taxis with Minimum daily mileage of 250km Percentage of Ladies taxi Key Performance Indicators - Cities

Taxi Tariff Helsinki is the most expensive Taxi system followed by Walloon Region UITP 19 Note: In Riga, both distance and time based fare is applicable. It is assumed that 5 kms distance is covered in 15 minutes. Avg – US$ 5.58 Avg – US$ 6.75 Taxi Charge for 5 Km – Day Charge Vs. Night Charge (Figures in US$)

Regulatory Framework for Ride-Selling Apps Canada: Edmonton became the first city to legalize Private Transport Providers and has passed bylaw. From March 1, 2016 PTP must have provincially approved insurance, annual vehicle inspection, criminal record check and charge a minimum of $3.25 per ride, but there is no price cap. Only taxis are permitted to pick up street hails or use taxi stands. UITP 20 Brazil: In Sao Paulo, the city council has proposed to regulate ride-selling apps by pricing vehicle use. The authority will allow to bid for credits (vehicle-kilometers, which can be used by passenger cars in a two month period Rio de Janeiro banned Uber services in September 2015, but the courts overturned the ban in December 2015 USA: In New York, TLC created Licensing & Rules for Providers of E-Hail Applications to regulate the service In San Francisco, the authorities passed a bill regulating insurance coverage Mexico: In Mexico city, the city council issue regulation for taxi companies, which includes a 1.5% ride levy, an annual permit fee and the establishment of a minimum value for each vehicle In Tijuana, the city council is planning to issue new guidelines

Regulatory Framework for Ride-Selling Apps UITP 21 Germany: Local laws require taxi drivers to hold commercial licenses in order to pick-up passengers and adhere to a set fare structure. There is no separate regulation, so on-demand transport services need to comply with existing taxi laws France: The authority earlier imposed the rule forcing Car services to wait for 15 minutes between reservation and pick-up. French Government has also launched its own App “Le Taxi” for cab drivers Spain: On-demand transport services companies can only work with drivers who carry a valid professional VTC license, as required by all professional drivers. There is no separate regulation and matter is pending in the European Court of Justice Belgium: On-demand transport service is banned in the country for using private cars. Only license taxis service is allowed, for example Uber drivers may be fined $13,500 for any pick-up London: Transport for London (TfL) floated the draft rule in December 2015 and has agreed to include measures for private-hire vehicles - English language requirement, Guaranteed fare estimates, Panic response, Driver & vehicle details, and ‘Hire and reward’ insurance requirements

Regulatory Framework for Ride-Selling Apps UITP 22 Philippines: Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) enacted law to recognize Transportation Network Companies (TNC) to offer pre-book services Malaysia: The Land Public Transports Commission (SPAD) is in progress to regulate the intermediary services. The government is planning to setup the Centralised Taxi Service System (CTSS) to monitor taxi supply distribution and performance China: In October, Ministry of Transport has proposed new guidelines for the Online Ride-booking services which requires licenses from local authorities, use China- based servers, car with commercial license, have labour contracts with drivers and qualification tests for drivers. The national guidelines will also restrict the use of private cars In Shanghai, the operator can registered as private-hire services and require to take accidental insurance coverage for as much as ¥6 million per vehicle South Korea: In Seoul, the government banned Uber and other App based companies. Seoul Metropolitan Government was planning to launch its own taxi app for registered cabs. It has currently allow KakaoTaxi to provide taxi booking service

Regulatory Framework for Ride-Selling Apps UITP 23 India: Government of India has issued guidelines to state to regulate On-demand Information Technology based Transportation Aggregator operating within the jurisdiction of India Chandigarh has become the first city to adopt GOI guidelines and recognize ride-selling Apps as a digital intermediary / marketplace In Delhi, the government has introduced “City Taxi Scheme 2015” and recognize taxi aggregator business model but regulate them at par with other taxis In Mumbai, the government has released the draft “City Taxi Scheme 2015” and is following Delhi model Singapore: Ministry of Transport has passed Third ‑ Party Taxi Booking Service Providers Act 2015 and came into force on 1 st September Land Transport Authority of Singapore regulate taxi booking service provided by third-party companies It exempt companies with less than 20 participating taxis and providing non- taxis only (such as private limousine services).

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