7/2/20161 Grounded Theory Saleema A. Gulzar MScN, BScN, BA, RN

Session outline Session will focus on phenomenology and grounded theory approach Session will focus on phenomenology and grounded theory approach 7/2/20162

Definition Polit and Beck (2004) defines that Polit and Beck (2004) defines that An approach to collecting and analyzing qualitative data that aims to develop theories and theoretical prepositions grounded in the real world observation. An approach to collecting and analyzing qualitative data that aims to develop theories and theoretical prepositions grounded in the real world observation. 7/2/20163

4 Grounded Theory As a research approach, grounded theory differs from phenomenology in that the primary purpose is to develop a theory about the dominant social processes rather than to describe a particular phenomenon. The purpose of grounded theory is to explore and describe phenomenon in naturalistic settings such as hospital, outpatient clinics, or nursing homes.

7/2/20165 Grounded Theory The main purpose of using grounded theory approach is to explore social processes with the goal of developing theory. How do nursing students address their experiences of AKU-SON education? How do nursing students address their experiences of AKU-SON education? The study will explore student experiences as being part of AKU-SON education system. The study will explore student experiences as being part of AKU-SON education system.

7/2/20166 Grounded Theory Grounded theory is a qualitative research approach used to explore the social processes that present within human interaction. Unlike quantitative research, grounded theory does not begin with an existing theory but rather generates theory.

7/2/20167 Key Elements Usually have a question, don’t do a literature review in the beginning. The process of selecting "incidents, slices of life, time periods, or people on the basis of their potential manifestation or representation of important theoretical constructs" (Patton, 2001, p. 238). Usually do interviews (maybe more than one time for each person) Grounded theorists continue to collect data until they achieve saturation of conceptual information and no new codes emerges.

7/2/20168 Artinian (1988) has identified four qualitative modes of nursing inquiry within grounded theory: Descriptive mode: provides rich detail and must precede all other modes. What is going on? Descriptive mode: provides rich detail and must precede all other modes. What is going on? Discovery mode: leads to the identification of patterns in person’s life experiences and relates the patterns to each other. Through this mode, a theory of social process referred to as substantive theory is developed; the theory explains a particular social process. Discovery mode: leads to the identification of patterns in person’s life experiences and relates the patterns to each other. Through this mode, a theory of social process referred to as substantive theory is developed; the theory explains a particular social process. Grounded Theory

7/2/20169 The emergent fit mode is used when substantive theory has been developed to extend or refine this existing theory. This mode enables the researcher to focus on a selected portion of the theory, to build on previous work, or to establish a research program around a particular social process. The emergent fit mode is used when substantive theory has been developed to extend or refine this existing theory. This mode enables the researcher to focus on a selected portion of the theory, to build on previous work, or to establish a research program around a particular social process. The intervention mode is used to test the relationships in the substantive theory. The intervention mode is used to test the relationships in the substantive theory. Grounded Theory

7/2/ There are three distinct yet overlapping processes of analysis involved in grounded theory from which sampling procedures are typically derived. These are: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Open coding is based on the concept of data being “cracked open” as a means of identifying relevant categories. Axial coding is most often used when categories are in an advanced stage of development; Selective coding is used when the "core category", or central category that correlates all other categories in the theory, is identified and related to other categories.

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7/2/ Example Process of Caring (RB) Process of Caring (RB) Process of empowerment (SG) Process of empowerment (SG)

7/2/ Ensuring Trustworthiness and Quality The researcher uses the trustworthiness criteria, to ensure the rigor in data collection and data analysis, and this criterion can be compared to reliability and validity in quantitative research. Credibility. Lincoln and Guba (1985) state credibility as the “extent to which the data and interpretation of the study are grounded in events rather than the inquirer’s personal construction” (p. 324) and called it internal validity.

7/2/ Ensuring Trustworthiness and Quality Dependability: According to Miles & Huberman, (1994), Dependability involves determining whether the process of the study is consistent, reasonably stable over time and across researchers and methods” (p. 278). There can be no dependability without credibility. Transferability: It refers to the probability that the study findings have meaning to others in similar situation.

7/2/ Ensuring Trustworthiness and Quality Confirmability: According to Lincoln and Guba (1985), confirmability is termed as a process that provides study records, in order to maintain the objectivity, and to verify the quality and adequacy of the results and interpretations.

7/2/ References Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (2007). Understanding nursing research. (4th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. (2 nd ed.). New Delhi: Sage Publication. Speziale, H. J. S., & Carpenter, D. R. (2002). Qualitative research in nursing. (3 rd ed.). New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.