Unit 1 Biological Principles

What is Biology? Bio= Life ology= Study of Divisions of Biology Botany: Study of Plants Zoology: Study of Animals Microbiology: Study of small organisms Genetics: Study of heredity Evolution: Study of change over time Ecology: Study of organisms and their environments

Functions of all living things Nutrition: Getting food Digestion: Changing food to useable form Absorption: Getting water, ions and food from the environment Biosynthesis: Using food to make new organic molecules Respiration: Breaking down food to release energy Excretion: Separation of waste from body tissues

Secretion: Making special chemicals that affect other cells Response: Change due to stimulus (light, heat, pressure) from environment. Ex: Locomotion Reproduction: Cells dividing to make new cells (Mitosis) Metabolism: Total of all chemical reactions that build up and tear down complex molecules (proteins, starch, sugar…etc).

What exactly is Science? It is a body of knowledge that is constantly changing (dynamic) The goal of Science is to understand principles Science starts with data Data= observations Two types: Quantitative: Uses numbers “There are 5,000 cells in this sample” Qualitative: Uses the senses “There is black fungi growing on the bread”

Experimental Design Inference: Making a statement based on what you know Control Group: In an experiment, this is the group that is not changed You always know the outcome for this group Experimental Group: In an experiment, this is the group that is experimented on This group is where you gather data to compare to the control group

Control: What does not change in an experiment Independent variable: The part of the experiment that is controlled by the person doing the lab. “I” control this variable Dependant variable: The part of the experiment that changes depending on what the person does to the independent variable Control: What does not change in an experiment

The Scientific Method The method used in all scientific experimentation Is a logical, step by step method for discovery

Observation: State the problem that you are trying to solve Hypothesis: Create an “if/then” statement If I put my hand in a beaker of boiling water, then it will burn me. Experiment: Complete your experiment Analysis: What did the experiment show you? Did the experiment prove your hypothesis to be true? New Hypothesis: If your hypothesis was proven false, create a new one depending on what you discovered Experiment again!

Theories in Science Theory: A possible explanation to a problem that is backed by evidence Can be changed when new evidence is discovered Examples: Theory of natural selection, germ theory There is a difference between theory and fact!!

Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ System Organ Tissue Cells

Biochemicals – Four organic molecules that are the basis for all organisms. Cells: The smallest units of all living organisms. Have small parts called organelles. Tissues: A group of cells that has the same function. Organs: A group of tissues that works together to accomplish the same function Organ systems: A group of organs that works to accomplish the same function Organism: A group of organ systems

Population: individual group of species living in the same area Community: all the different populations that live in a specific area Ecosystem: all biotic and abiotic factors in an area Biosphere: all organisms and the part of the earth where they exist

How do we measure in Science? Metrically! Base units: Grams- Mass Measurement Liter- Volume Measurement Meter-Length Measurement King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk

k h da g,l,m d c m Practice Problems: a. 90 cm= __________mm Abbreviations k h da g,l,m d c m Prefix Kilo hecto deka base deci centi milli Meaning 1000 100 10 1 .1 .01 .001 Practice Problems: a. 90 cm= __________mm b. 60 mL= __________ cL c. 12.2mg= _________ g d. 602m= __________mm e. .51L= __________ mL

How do we see small objects? The microscope! Micro= small -Scope= to view Magnification: The power to make objects larger Resolution: The power to show details clearly Specimen: What you are viewing

Objective Power Ocular Scanning 4 10 40 Low High Oil Immersion* 100 Total Magnification Scanning 4 10 40 Low High Oil Immersion* 100