ORGANIZING LIFE’S DIVERSITY Chapter 17 Classification

Classification is… A way of grouping objects together based on similarities In the beginning--- plants were grouped based on people who ate them— Edible Non-edible The history of the Tomato-1820 Colonel Robert Gibbon Johnson announced that at noon on September 26, he would eat a basket of tomatoes in front of the Salem NY courthouse— aka “love apple”

Scientists Who Developed Classification

Aristotle: Greek Philosopher Developed 1 st method of classification Classified into 2 major groups 1. Plants: herbs, shrubs or trees 2. Animals: According to where they lived: land, water or air

Carolus Linnaeus Methods still used today Selected physical characteristics based on close relationships of organisms Plants: based on reproductive structures Animals: based on evolutionary traits

Carolus Linnaeus Invented the 2-word naming system to identify species called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE: Bi (2) Nomial (name) Scientific Name: 1. Genus: 1 st word: consist of closely related species 2. Species: 2 nd word: consist of description of the species.

RULES OF BINOMAL NOMEMCLATURE 1. Genus is ALWAYS capitalized & is 1 st 2. Species is ALWAYS lowercase & is 2 nd 3. BOTH ARE ITALICIZED OR UNDERLINED!!! Homo sapiens Felix tigerus F. leo F. domestica

Also, it is confusing when a species has more than one common name. Scientific & Common Names Many organisms have common names that can be misleading. Example: a sea horse is a fish, not a horse.

Common Names Do not tell you how organisms are related or classified Can be misleading Confusion can occur when organisms have more than one name All newly discovered species are given Latin names because it is no longer used

Taxonomy is… Taxonomy (tak SAH nuh mee) is the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics Biologists who study taxonomy are called taxonomists

Taxonomists Is a useful tool in helping identify unknown species– if a child has eaten a mushroom & You do not know whether it is poisonous… Important to the economy- often discover new sources of lumber, medicines & energy…

Dichotomous Key Organisms can be identified easily by using a dichotomous key Animals around the world use the same identification system A key is made up of sets of numbered statements. Each set deals with a single characteristic of an organism, such as leaf shape or arrangement

Using a dichotomous key to identify money!

How are living things Classified? Felix tigerus

Order of Taxa A group of organisms is called a taxon (plural, taxa The smallest taxon is species. Organisms that look alike and successfully interbreed belong to the same species. The next largest taxon is a genus—a group of similar species that have similar features and are closely related Mountain lion

Section 17.1 Summary – pages Compare the appearance of a lynx, Lynx rufus, a bobcat, Lynx canadensis, and a mountain lion, Panthera concolor. Lynx Mountain lion Bobcat Taxonomic rankings

Order of Taxa Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, & Species Can you remember it this way? Kings Play Chess On Fine Glass Surfaces.

Section 17.1 Summary – pages Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Lynx rufus Lynx canadensis Bobcat Lynx

Introduction to Classification

6 kingdoms of life

6 Kingdoms of Life

Monerans The Monerans, are cells that lack a nucleus, are microscopic and unicellular some are chemosynthetic, where others are photosynthetic. Most of these environments are oxygen-free.

2 groups of Monerans Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Prokaryotic Organisms Unicellular Autotrophs & Heterotrophs Have a cell wall Reproduce by Binary Fission

Protists Some are plantlike some are animal- like Some are fungus- like

Protists are: Eukaryotic Unicellular Both Heterotrophs and Autotrophs Do Not Have a Cell Wall Reproduce Asexually & Sexually

Fungi Unicellular or multi-cellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment

Fungus are Eukaryotic Are Unicellular & Multicellular (only group that has that) Heterotrophs (decomposers) Have a Cell Wall Reproduce: Asexual, Fragmenting, Budding

Plants contain chloroplasts and have cell walls There are more than 250,000 known species of plants

Plants Eukaryotes Multicellular Autotrophs Have a Cell Wall Reproduce: Asexual, Sexual

Animals Animals are multicellular heterotrophs Nearly all are able to move from place to place. Animal cells do not have cell walls

Animals Eukaryotes Multicellular Heterotrophs No Cell Wall Reproduce: Asexual & Sexual