Medieval Middle East (AD 500-AD 1500) I. Islam and its prophet Muhammad I. Islam and its prophet Muhammad A. Muhammad ibn Abdullah was born in A. Muhammad.

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Medieval Middle East (AD 500-AD 1500) I. Islam and its prophet Muhammad I. Islam and its prophet Muhammad A. Muhammad ibn Abdullah was born in A. Muhammad ibn Abdullah was born in AD 570. AD 570. B. Believed that archangel Gabriel B. Believed that archangel Gabriel delivered revelations to him. delivered revelations to him. C. The Quran (Koran) contains C. The Quran (Koran) contains Muhammad’s messages. Muhammad’s messages.

D. The hijira: Under persecution, D. The hijira: Under persecution, Muhammad and his followers fled Muhammad and his followers fled Mecca for Medina in AD 622. Mecca for Medina in AD 622. E. Muhammad returned to Mecca in E. Muhammad returned to Mecca in AD 630 and conquered it. AD 630 and conquered it.

F. The Five Pillars of Islam, or obligations F. The Five Pillars of Islam, or obligations taught by Muhammad: taught by Muhammad: First: declaration of faith. First: declaration of faith. Second: pray toward Mecca five times Second: pray toward Mecca five times per day. per day. Third: Charity. Third: Charity. Fourth: fasting during Ramadan. Fourth: fasting during Ramadan. Fifth: the Hajj--pilgrimmage to Mecca. Fifth: the Hajj--pilgrimmage to Mecca.

G. Sharia: Islamic law inspired by G. Sharia: Islamic law inspired by the Quran. the Quran. H. Jihad: means struggle. Different H. Jihad: means struggle. Different interpretations. Sometimes refers to interpretations. Sometimes refers to upholding the moral virtues of Islam; upholding the moral virtues of Islam; other times it means to use violence other times it means to use violence against unbelievers. against unbelievers.

II. After Muhammad’s death A. His friend Abu Bakr served as caliph A. His friend Abu Bakr served as caliph (deputy). Bakr became the political, (deputy). Bakr became the political, religious, and military leader. religious, and military leader.

The expansion of Islam, C.E. The expansion of Islam, C.E. Page: 359 Page: 359

B. Islam divided into two branches: Shia B. Islam divided into two branches: Shia (Shiites) and Sunni. The split occurred (Shiites) and Sunni. The split occurred over who should succeed Muhammad. over who should succeed Muhammad. The Shia sect supported Ali (Muhammad’s The Shia sect supported Ali (Muhammad’s son-in-law) and his descendants as caliph son-in-law) and his descendants as caliph (deputy). (deputy).

Sufism and Whirling Dervishes

C. Umayyad dynasty (AD ) C. Umayyad dynasty (AD ) conquered many neighboring lands. conquered many neighboring lands.

D. The Abbasid dynasty (AD ): D. The Abbasid dynasty (AD ): Abu al-Abbas allied with non-Arab Abu al-Abbas allied with non-Arab Muslims and overthrew the Muslims and overthrew the Umayyads. Umayyads.

III. The Turks A. Turkish peoples were nomadic herders who A. Turkish peoples were nomadic herders who had outstanding cavalry forces. They had outstanding cavalry forces. They began to conquer lands in the Middle East. began to conquer lands in the Middle East.

Turkish Empires and their neighbors, AD 1210

IV. The Ottoman Empire: Turkish empire founded by Osman (Ottoman). Conquered founded by Osman (Ottoman). Conquered Constantinople in Constantinople in 1453.

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires (1500) MAP 18.2 The Mongol empires about 1300 C.E.