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III. A Time of Conflict Sea travel was dangerous in the early 1800’s, but the livelihoods of many Americans depended on trade with foreign nations. War between the French and the British in the mid-1790’s increased American shipping, because the French and British merchant ships were afraid of being captured or destroyed by the enemy.

In the Mediterranean sea ships had to be on guard for pirates from Tripoli and the other Barbary Coast states of North Africa who demanded tribute or protection money, to let European and American ships pass safely. In 1801 Tripoli declared war on the U.S. over the raising of the amount of protection money that was to be paid Negotiations ended the conflict in June 1805

Jefferson was re-elected president in 1804 In 1803 the war between Great Britain and France did not affect U.S. trade because America remained neutral. In 1805 Great Britain and France became impatient with American neutrality and started to interfere with American trade. British navel patrols began to impress Americans into their service

In 1807 the British warship Leopard intercepted the American vessel Chesapeake and a fierce battle ensued. Americans reacted with great anti-British fury and many demanded war against Great Britain. In December 1807 the congress passed the Embargo Act that banned imports from and exports to all foreign countries.

The Embargo Act did not work, and it wiped out all American trade with other nations. On March 1 st 1809 the congress repealed it and replaced it with the Nonintercourse Act, which prohibited trade with Britain France and their colonial possessions. In 1808 James Madison became president under bad conditions, the nation was having problems with the Embargo crisis and Britain continued to stop American ships. The call for war with Great Britain grew louder.

In 1810 congress passed a law that permitted direct trade with either France or Britain, depending on which country lifted it’s trade restrictions on America first. Napoleon promised to end France’s trade restrictions, but the French continued to seize American ships.

To make matters worse for President Madison in 1810, white settlers began to move onto lands that had been promised to Native Americans in a treaty. A powerful Shawnee chief named Tecumseh and his brother “the prophet” built a confederacy among Native American nations in the Northwest, because he believed that a strong Indian alliance with the backing of the British in Canada could put a stop to settlement in the Native American lands.

In 1811 the American governor of the Indiana territory, General William Henry Harrison, attacked the village started by Tecumseh brother called Prophets Town on the Tippecanoe River. The battle was won by Harrison, but it made Tecumseh join forces with the British troops. In 1810 a group of young republicans elected to congress from the south and the west became known as the War Hawks, because they pressured the president to declare war against Great Britain.

The leading War Hawks were Henry Clay from Kentucky and John Calhoun from South Carolina. A war with Britain might make Canadian land available and southerners wanted Spanish Florida. The Federalists in the Northeast strongly opposed the war. In the spring of 1912 Madison asked congress for a declaration of war against Great Britain.

The war started in July 1812, when General William Hull led the American army from Detroit into Canada where he was met by Tecumseh. Oliver Perry, the U.S. commander of the navel forces, was given orders to seize Lake Eerie from the British. On September 10, 1813 in a bloody battle, Perry and his ships defeated the British navel force. He sent general Harrison the message: “We have met the enemy, and they are ours.”

American frigates (warships) and privateers (armed private ships) won many victories over the British ships. On October 5, 1813 in the Battle of the Thames, the great leader Tecumseh was killed, and this ended the hope of a Native American confederation. In March 1814, a Tennessee planter named Andrew Jackson and his forces attacked the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

Jackson’s victory forced the Creek to give most of their land to the United States. In 1814, Great Britain won the war against Napoleon and France and now had more forces to send to fight in America. In August 1814, the British marched into Washington and burnt the capitol and the President’s mansion. The British then tried to attack Baltimore, but were kept from entering by a ferocious bombardment from Fort McHenry in the Baltimore Harbor.

In the north, General Sir George Prevost lead British troops into New York State from Canada and was defeated by the Americans in the Battle of Plattsburgh. In December 1814, the Americans and the British signed the Treaty of Ghent to end the war. Before word of the treaty had reached the U.S., there was one final battle, the Battle of New Orleans, where the Americans lead by General Jackson won and General Jackson became a hero.

In December 1814, unhappy New England federalist gathered at the Hartford convention, where they drew up a list of proposed amendments to the constitution. When news came of Jackson’s victory at New Orleans, the party lost respect in the eyes of the public. Most Americans felt proud and self-confident at the end of the war of The federalist party died out but its philosophy was carried out by the republican party who favored trade westward expansion and a strong military.

HOMEWORK: READ pages (section 2)

Well, in eighteen and fourteen we took a little trip along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip. We took a little bacon and we took a little beans, And we caught the bloody British near the town of New Orleans. We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin. There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago. We fired once more and they began to runnin' down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.

Well, I see'd Mars Jackson walkin down the street talkin' to a pirate by the name of Jean Lafayette [pronounced La-feet] He gave Jean a drink that he brung from Tennessee and the pirate said he'd help us drive the British in the sea. The French said Andrew, you'd better run, for Packingham's a comin' with a bullet in his gun. Old Hickory said he didn't give a dang, he's gonna whip the britches off of Colonel Packingham.

We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin. There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago. We fired once more and they began to runnin' down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. Well, we looked down the river and we see'd the British come, and there must have been a hundred of 'em beatin' on the drum. They stepped so high and they made their bugles ring while we stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing. Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise if we didn't fire a musket til we looked 'em in the eyes. We held our fire til we see'd their faces well, then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave a yell.

We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin. There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago. We fired once more and they began to runnin' down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. Well, we fired our cannon til the barrel melted down, so we grabbed an alligator and we fought another round. We filled his head with cannon balls and powdered his behind, and when they tetched the powder off, the gator lost his mind. We'll march back home but we'll never be content till we make Old Hickory the people's President. And every time we think about the bacon and the beans, we'll think about the fun we had way down in New Orleans.

We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin, But there wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago. We fired once more and they began to runnin' down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. Well, they ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go. They ran so fast the hounds couldn't catch 'em down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin. But there wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago. We fired once more and they began to runnin' down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.