WOULD YOU DONATE YOUR BODY TO SCIENCE FOR DISSECTION OR DISPLAY? WHY OR WHY NOT???

Which group would you have chosen to live with? Chinese, Egyptians, Greeks, or Romans and why???

The History of Health Care Introduction to Health Science

Ancient Times 4000BC-3000BC Prevention of injury from predators Illness/disease caused by supernatural spirits – witch doctors used ceremonies to drive out these spirits Average life span – 20 years

Trepanation or Trephining Boring hole in skull. People actually lived over this procedure.

From History to Today Herbs and plants were used as medicine throughout history. Most were result of “trial and error.” –Digitalis from foxglove plants Leaves were chewed to strengthen & slow heart Now, administered by pills, IV, or injections

From History to Today The milky sap that dries to brown and can be collected from the head of the poppy is opium – a powerful narcotic that was used to relieve pain even up to 5,000 years ago. Today we chemically synthesize morphine from this substance – one of the most widely used injectable narcotics for pain.

Egyptians BC Earliest to keep accurate health records Superstitious, called upon the gods Avg. life span yrs

Egyptians-Religion Advances Medicine Making Mummies –Advanced the knowledge of anatomy (body parts) through dissection –Produced strong antiseptics used to prevent decay decreasing bacterial growth –Gauze similar to today’s surgical gauze –Set broken bones, sutured wounds

Ancient Chinese Restricted dissection Closely monitored pulse to determined condition of body Holistic Large pharmacopoeia of medicines based on herbs Acupuncture developed Average life span years

Ancient Chinese - Acupuncture 1340’s Ming Dynasty

Greek Medicine BC First to study causes of diseases Research helped eliminate superstitions Sanitary practices were associated with the spread of disease

Hippocrates – The Father of Medicine Did no dissection, only observations Took careful notes of signs/symptoms of diseases Believed disease was not caused by supernatural forces – the environment, diet and activity played a part. –Wrote standards of ethics which is the basis for today’s medical ethics

Roman Medicine 200BC-100AD Learned from the Greeks and developed a sanitation system –Aqueducts and sewers –Public baths, solid housing –Drained swamps Beginning of public health, organized medical care Lifespan years

Roman Aqueduct

Dark Ages ( A.D.) and Middle Ages ( A.D.) Medicine practiced only in convents and monasteries – disease was result of a sinful life. Life and death in God’s hands – very little effort to treat disease. Terrible epidemics such as smallpox and bubonic plague known as the Black Death

Dark Ages (400 –800 A.D.) and Middle Ages ( A. D.) Crusaders spread disease Cities became common with rats, trash and sewage in poor control Special officers to deal with sanitary problems Realization that diseases are contagious Quarantine laws passed

Bubonic Plague or Black Death

Smallpox

Renaissance Medicine ( A.D.) Universities and medical schools for research Dissection Book publishing Life span years

16 th & 17 th Century William Harvey –Circulation of the blood Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1676) –invented microscope –observed microorganisms

18 th Century Edward Jenner 1796 – smallpox vaccination

19 th and 20 th Century Inez Semmelweis 1846 –Had MD’s wash hands with lime after performing autopsies and before delivering babies to prevent puerperal (childbed) fever that killed many mothers. Idea was resisted by many.

19 th & 20 th Century Louis Pasteur (1860 – 1895) –Discovered that microorganisms cause disease - (germ theory of communicable disease). –Developed pasteurization process to kill germs by heating.

19 th & 20 th Century Joseph Lister –Used first antiseptics in surgery to prevent infection 1865 Anesthesia discovered –Ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide late 1800’s

19 th & 20 th Century Wilhelm Roentgen –discovered X- rays 1895

19 th and 20 th Century Florence Nightingale – the founder of modern nursing. Established effective and sanitary nursing units for British soldiers of Crimean War of 1854 and began professional education of nurses.

Civil War Medicine mid 1800’s Amputations were most common surgery due to shattered bones in limbs. Anesthesia was chloroform on a cloth over face, surgery table was often boards between barrels. Actually, good survival rate of 75% if done within 1 st 24 hours after injury dropped to only 50% in 48 hrs

Early 1900’s Acute infectious diseases (diphtheria, TB, rheumatic fever, influenza and polio epidemics) No antibiotics, DDT for mosquitoes, rest for TB, water sanitation to help stop spread of typhoid fever, diphtheria vaccination Most doctors were general practitioners. Hospitals were places to die, life span years

19 th and 20 th Century Sir Alexander Fleming- Discovered penicillin 1928– a substance from mold that killed bacteria. It was 12 more years before other scientists found how to apply this to infections in humans.

19 th and 20 th Century Penicillin is often coined the “miracle drug” because it has saved so many lives. It was the first antibiotic that successfully treated bacterial infections. Before the discovery of Penicillin, many people died of infections we do not even consider dangerous today.

19 th & 20 th Century Jonas Salk –discovered that a killed polio virus would cause immunity to polio 1952 Alfred Sabin –discovered that a live virus provided more effective immunity 1955

1945 to Present Immunization and antibiotics for infectious disease Safer surgery, vast technology leaps Organ transplants (1954, kidney) Increased lifespan has resulted in chronic degenerative diseases instead of infectious disease now being the most common cause of death. Life span years