Chapter 13 Personality

Objectives 13.1 Defining Personality Describe the characteristics of a well-crafted personality theory The Psychoanalytic Perspective Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic theories of Freud, Jung, and Adler The Humanistic Perspective Illustrate the humanistic perspective of personality using Rogers’s Person-Centered Perspective and Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization.

Objectives 13.4 Trait Perspectives Discuss the factors involved in the trait perspective The Social Cognitive Perspective Analyze the social cognitive theories of Bandura as compared to those of Mischel The Biological Perspective Explain the different biological perspectives and theories of how physiological processes determine personality.

Objectives 13.7 Personality Assessment Identify the different tools to understand personality and how they are used Culture and Personality Describe how culture and belief systems can shape and be shaped by personality.

Defining Personality 1. Clinical utility 2. Practical utility 3. Predictive value 4. Insight into human nature 5. Ability to provide self-understanding 6. Ability to understand complex human behavior

The Nature of the Psychoanalytic Perspective Psychoanalytic theories: A family of theories originated by Freud that focus on unconscious motivation Psychoanalysis: A type of therapy in which unconscious conflicts and motivation are uncovered, explored, and redirected

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory (slide 1 of 2) Unconscious: Thoughts, memories, feelings, and wishes that reside outside of awareness Conscious mind: A part of the mind that is aware of current thoughts and experiences Preconscious: The part of your mind that contains material just outside of awareness that is easy to pull into awareness

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory (slide 2 of 2) Id: Operates on the pleasure principle, always looking to reduce tension that comes from basic physiological drives Ego: Responsible for interacting with conscious reality Superego: Governed by the perfection principle

Personality Development

Defense Mechanisms

Jung’s Analytical Psychology (slide 1 of 3) Ego: Conscious mind Personal unconscious: Stores material currently outside of awareness Collective unconscious: Stores shared experiences and ideas from previous generations Archetypes –Great mother –Shadow –Persona –Hero –Wise old man –Trickster

Jung’s Analytical Psychology (slide 2 of 3) Principle of opposites: The theory that every wish also represents the opposite of the same wish Principle of equivalence: The energy devoted to do one thing will be equally devoted to the opposite activity. Principle of entropy: Opposites tend to come together over time.

Jung’s Analytical Psychology (slide 1 of 3) Introvert: Prefers the internal world to the external world Extrovert: Prefers the external world to the internal world

Adler’s Individual Psychology Striving for superiority (compensation): An attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority by being a better person Inferiority: Feelings of inadequacy Lifestyle: The way in which you strive for superiority in order to make up for feelings of inferiority

The Humanistic Perspective Humanism: A theoretical orientation that emphasizes growth, potential, and self- actualization; also known as the phenomenological approach Self: A person’s awareness of his or her own characteristics Humanistic psychology: A family of personality theories that emphasize human growth, potential, and self-actualization

Rogers’s Person-Centered Perspective Positive regard: A communication of love and respect Positive self-regard: Respect for your own decisions Unconditional positive regard: A sense of respect and love that is not linked to specific behaviors Conditional positive regard: The idea that respect comes only when certain circumstances are met

Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization Figure 13.07: Maslow's need hierarchy.

Trait Perspectives Trait: A stable characteristic of behavior Trait theory: A theory of personality that focuses on identifying and measuring characteristics of behavior Surface trait: An enduring behavior that is easily observed Source trait: A universal, enduring behavioral characteristic

The Big Five Factors

Assessing Traits Theoretical approach to traits: Deriving traits from another theory of personality Lexical approach to traits: An approach that uses language to determining the most important traits of personality

The Social Cognitive Perspective Behaviorism: The study of learning based on directly observable actions in the absence of mental processes Social cognitive perspective: A personality theory that focuses on the interplay among traits, thoughts, and environmental contexts

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Reciprocal determinism suggests that behavior, environment, and thoughts are interrelated.

Mischel’s Social Cognitive Theory Consistency paradox: The idea that people believe that personality is stable, although research says that it is not Cognitive person variables: Individual traits that affect the way you see the world Self-concept: The collection of all your beliefs about yourself Locus of control: A cognitive person variable that summarizes your idea of the source of reinforcement

The Biological Perspective The four humors: –Blood –Black bile –Yellow bile –Phlegm © Mary Evans Picture Library/Alamy Images

Eysenck’s Theory Neuroticism (N) Extroversion (E) Psychoticism (P)

Genetics, Evolution, and Personality Figure 13.12: Heritability estimates for personality traits. Data from Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., & Vernon, P. A. (1996). Heritability of the big five personality dimensions and their facets: a twin study. Journal of Personality, 64(3),

Personality Assessment Projective test: A personality instrument in the psychoanalytic perspective that uses interpretation of ambiguous stimuli to uncover unconscious conflicts Self-report inventory: A type of test in which a person will directly answer questions about his or her behaviors, thoughts, or feelings

Culture and Personality Collectivist culture: A culture that places an emphasis on interreliance rather than self-reliance Individualist culture: A culture that places an emphasis on each person’s rights rather than on the society