Present Situation 1 Present Situation 1 Developed countries are not reducing their emissions in such a way to reach the goals of the Kyoto Protocol commitment. Developed countries are not reducing their emissions in such a way to reach the goals of the Kyoto Protocol commitment. Developing countries tend to increase their emission with the economy growth as they follow developed countries consumption pattern. Developing countries tend to increase their emission with the economy growth as they follow developed countries consumption pattern.

Energy per Capita ( E / Pop = E / GDP x GDP / Pop ) Data – years 1980, 85, 90, 85, 2000 and 2002 Source: Pinguelli Rosa, M. Silvia Muylaert e Christiano Pires,COPPE, 2006

Emission of CO2 per capita from energy consumption C / Pop = C / E x E / P 1980, 85, 90, 85, 2000 and 2002 Source: Source: Pinguelli Rosa, M. Silvia Muylaert e Christiano Pires,COPPE, 2006

Present Situation 2 Present Situation 2 High income classes in developing countries have high energy consumption while the majority of population is poor and has very low energy consumption. High income classes in developing countries have high energy consumption while the majority of population is poor and has very low energy consumption. So there is strong inequality of the energy consumption and of GHG emissions by family inside each country following the inequality in income distribution. So there is strong inequality of the energy consumption and of GHG emissions by family inside each country following the inequality in income distribution.

3,6% aa 1,4% aa ENERGY IN TRANSPORT SECTOR WorldOECD Developing countries Economy in transition (WBCSD 2002)

ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION WORLD OIL CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR WORLD OIL CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR % 58% +16,5% (IEA 2002)

Public Perception of Climate Policy in Brazil Brazil was the first country that signed the Convention of the United Nations on Climate Change on June 4, The National Congress ratified it in Brazil was the first country that signed the Convention of the United Nations on Climate Change on June 4, The National Congress ratified it in In the meeting of Kyoto, a Brazilian Proposal was presented, that has had great influence, because it placed in focus the historical emissions, from the Industrial Revolution, contributing to increase the global temperature. In the meeting of Kyoto, a Brazilian Proposal was presented, that has had great influence, because it placed in focus the historical emissions, from the Industrial Revolution, contributing to increase the global temperature. The Proposal was to create of a Clean Development Fund, with resources of the Annex I countries to be applied at the developing countries. The Proposal was to create of a Clean Development Fund, with resources of the Annex I countries to be applied at the developing countries. This Fund was not approved, but instead the Clean Development Mechanism was created. This Fund was not approved, but instead the Clean Development Mechanism was created.

Brazilian Forum on Climatic Change Objectives To promote debate involving scientific community, non governmental organizations, companies and government To provide information for society in general in such way to assure that decision makers as well as public opinion are aware on the climate change issue due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases.

Brazilian Forum on Climatic Change The Chairman of the Forum is the President of the Republic. The Chairman of the Forum is the President of the Republic. Members of the Forum: Members of the Forum: - the ministers of State of the Science and Technology, of the Environment, of Foreign Affairs, of Energy - the ministers of State of the Science and Technology, of the Environment, of Foreign Affairs, of Energy - - invited members from Universities, Companies and NGO’s Thematic and sector meetings and other activities Thematic and sector meetings and other activities The secretary general is named by the President of the Republic The secretary general is named by the President of the Republic Presently the secretary of the Forum is located at the IVIG / COPPE / UFRJ Presently the secretary of the Forum is located at the IVIG / COPPE / UFRJ

Plan of Action on Climate Change In a meeting of the Forum secretary and of the Minister of Environment with the President few months ago he has decided that the Government must elaborate a Plan of Action on Climate Change In a meeting of the Forum secretary and of the Minister of Environment with the President few months ago he has decided that the Government must elaborate a Plan of Action on Climate Change The Forum has proposed a formal suggestion for the Plan of Action with the contribution of several NGO’s, members of academic community, people from companies and from several areas of the Government The Forum has proposed a formal suggestion for the Plan of Action with the contribution of several NGO’s, members of academic community, people from companies and from several areas of the Government

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Brazil – 1994 (source: Brazilian National Communication) Energy 10 3 t Industry Cattle- raising 10 3 t Land Use Changes and Forestry 10 3 t WasteTreatment Total CO 2 236,505 16, , ,029,706 CH ,161 1, ,173 N2ON2O99N2ON2O999 N 2 O

Can be Hydropower Reservoirs a Significant Source of Greenhouse Gases?

Although hydro-power plants emissions are rated as negligible, power dam studies carried out by a research group at the International Virtual Institute on Global Change (IVIG) of COPPE show that hydro reservoirs give rise to methane and carbon dioxide emissions, although generally at levels far lower than thermo-power plants. Although hydro-power plants emissions are rated as negligible, power dam studies carried out by a research group at the International Virtual Institute on Global Change (IVIG) of COPPE show that hydro reservoirs give rise to methane and carbon dioxide emissions, although generally at levels far lower than thermo-power plants. From the environmental standpoint, nuclear power offers now the argument that it does not emit greenhouse gases, in contrast to massive carbon dioxide emissions produced by the fossil fuels  coal, oil and natural gas From the environmental standpoint, nuclear power offers now the argument that it does not emit greenhouse gases, in contrast to massive carbon dioxide emissions produced by the fossil fuels  coal, oil and natural gas

Funnel Bubble Collector Coupled to a Gas Collecting Bottle Emissions from Reservoirs: Instituto Virtual (IVIG) - COPPE

Hidrelétricas Estudadas – COPPE / IVIG – USP/ S. Carlos

Nuclear Energy The need of global governance The need of global governance

USA: extending reactors time life; USA: extending reactors time life; no reactors in construction; no reactors in construction; intention  new reactors  advanced LWR intention  new reactors  advanced LWR Europe: France not building reactors by now; Europe: France not building reactors by now; only one new reactor in construction in Finland only one new reactor in construction in Finland intention  new reactors  advanced PWR intention  new reactors  advanced PWR Japan – continues reactor construction Japan – continues reactor construction South Korea – important nuclear program South Korea – important nuclear program China – increasing nuclear program China – increasing nuclear program Latin America - there are nuclear reactors for electricity generation in: Latin America - there are nuclear reactors for electricity generation in: Argentina – 2 natural uranium - heavy water reactors, Argentina – 2 natural uranium - heavy water reactors, one from Siemens and other from Canada one from Siemens and other from Canada Brazil– 2 PWR, one from Westinghouse, other from Siemens Brazil– 2 PWR, one from Westinghouse, other from Siemens present discussion on a third Siemens reactor present discussion on a third Siemens reactor Mexico – 1 PWR Mexico – 1 PWR

INTERNATIONAL SITUATION USA: extending reactors time life; USA: extending reactors time life; intention  new reactors  advanced LWR intention  new reactors  advanced LWR Europe: one new reactor in construction in Finland Europe: one new reactor in construction in Finland intention  new reactors  advanced PWR intention  new reactors  advanced PWR Asia : Japan – continues reactor construction Asia : Japan – continues reactor construction South Korea – important nuclear program South Korea – important nuclear program China – increasing nuclear program China – increasing nuclear program Latin America - there are nuclear reactors for electricity Latin America - there are nuclear reactors for electricity generation in: generation in: Argentina – 2 natural uranium - heavy water reactors, Argentina – 2 natural uranium - heavy water reactors, one from Siemens and other from Canada one from Siemens and other from Canada Brazil– 2 PWR, one from Westinghouse, other from Siemens Brazil– 2 PWR, one from Westinghouse, other from Siemens present discussion on a third Siemens reactor present discussion on a third Siemens reactor Mexico – 1 PWR Mexico – 1 PWR