Steam Power Plant Submitted to:- Submitted By: - Presentation on Steam Power Plant Submitted to:- Submitted By: - Mr. Prabhjot Singh Chanpreet Singh Asst. Professor (CSME) 1410981126

Contents Arrangement Introduction Glossary Coal Coal availability and transportation Coal Handling Plant (CHP) Main Elements of Steam Power Plant Auxiliaries Working of Steam Power Plant A Numerical Problem References (mention as in Brackets [] )

The Basic Arrangement Heat (generated in the furnace) is transmitted to the boiler where water forced into the boiler by the feed pump is converted into steam. Mechanical power is produced by a turbine that transforms thermal energy into rotational energy (steam drives turbine blades).

The Basic Arrangement Steam drives turbine blades shaft Shaft couple with armature (electromechanical machine generally in a motor or generator).

Introduction Most thermal power plants produce steam, and these are sometimes called steam power stations. Not all thermal energy can be transformed into mechanical power, according to the second law of thermodynamics. Therefore, there is always heat lost to the environment. If this loss is employed as useful heat, for industrial processes or district heating, the power plant is referred to as a cogeneration power plant or CHP (combined heat-and-power) plant. In countries where district heating is common, there are dedicated heat plants called heat-only boiler stations. An important class of power plants in the Middle East uses by-product heat for the desalination of water.

Glossary Operating pressure Boiler efficiency Steaming hours Heating surface Generating surface Superheated steam Efficiency

Glossary Operating pressure – The pressure at which the boiler is operated in service. Boiler efficiency – The ratio between the thermal energy actually absorbed by water and the thermal energy available in fuel (80 – 90 %).

Glossary Steaming hours -The time during which the boiler generates steam. Heating surface -The total surface of all parts exposed to combustion gases (tubes, super heater, economiser)

Glossary Generating surface - A part of the surface in which water is heated and steam is generated (tubes, drum) Superheated steam = Saturated steam + more heat at constant pressure –> dry steam (to avoid damage to turbine blades)

Glossary Efficiency: - The efficiency of a steam turbine is limited by the maximum temperature of the steam produced and is not directly a function of the fuel used (for the same steam conditions, coal, nuclear and gas power plants all have the same theoretical efficiency).

Coal Coal (from the Old English term col, which has meant "mineral of fossilized carbon" since the 13th century) is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements mainly hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Availability of Coal In India Mostly E and F grade coal used in India. Blending Is Done To get Average D Grade.

Transportation of Coal Best and Cheap facility at Doorstep 1. Railways. 2. Ropeways. 3. Roadways. 4. waterways. 5. Airway. Available only for TPS nearer to coal mines Fear of theft waterway may not be possible till TPS and Problem of recalling arises if coal dip in water Have to build Runway near TPS which is very costly.

CHP What is CHP? Objective of CHP :- CHP (C- Coal, H- Handling, P- Plant) Which properly handles the coal from its receipt to transferring it to bunkers. Objective of CHP :- To supply the Tons of processed coal to bunkers of Coal mills for Boiler operation. To Stack the coal to coal yard.

Classification of Coal Handling Belt Conveyors Screw Conveyors Bucket Elevator Grab Bucket Elevator Flight Elevator

General Layout Of CHP Wagon Tippler Crusher House Feeder Conv. Belts Hopper Feeder Surge Hopper Conv. Belts Vibrating Screens Crushers Tripper Trolley Bunkers #

Main Elements of SPP FURNACE BOILER SUPERHEATER TURBINE CONDENSER COOLING TOWER

Furnace A chamber in which heat is produced – combustion of fuel & generation of hot gases. Furnace directly attached with Boiler. Pulverization – Crush coal into fine grain to ensure efficient combustion.

Boiler Steam generator: - saturated & superheated steam. Steam drum - a reservoir of water/steam at the top end of the water tubes, it stores the steam generated in the water tubes and acts as a separator for the steam/water mixture (difference in densities) Water circulation – natural or forced

Boiler Mainly two types of boilers that are used for make steam - Water tube boiler Fire tube boiler

Fig: Fire tube boiler [1] Hot gases pass through the tubes, feed water surrounds them. Fig: Fire tube boiler [1]

Water tube boiler Steam and water circulate through drums and small diameter tubes, gases of combustion pass around them More commonly used, lighter, occupy less space and has increased efficiency (higher pressure and temperature)

Fig:-Water tube boiler [2]

Super heater Consists of headers and super heater tubes Converts saturated steam into dry steam Fig:- Super heater [3]

Turbine Steam is admitted to the turbine Heat energy is converted into mechanical energy – useful work Fig: Turbine [4]

Condenser Condenser condense the steam. Phase change from steam+vapour to water. Indirect contact with the steam.

Condenser Fig: Condenser [5]

Cooling Tower A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature.

Cooling Tower Fig: - Forced draft wet cooling towers (height: 34 meters) and natural draft wet cooling tower (height: 122 meters) in Westfalen, Germany. [6]

Auxiliaries Air ejector Deaerator Make up tank (emergency feed tank) Feed pump Feed heater Economiser

Air Ejector No moving parts Jet pump To remove air and gases from the condensate

Make Up Tank Losses in cycle. When the feed water level in the feed tank drops to a minimum, make-up feed water enters the system.

Feed pump Pump that forces feed water into the boiler. Fig: Feed Pump [7]

Deaerator A deaerator is a device that is widely used for the removal of oxygen and other dissolved gases from the feed-water to steam-generating boilers. Fig: Deaerator [8]

Economiser To improve the efficiency of the steam plant by using thermal energy, i.e. preheating the feed water before it passes into the boiler Water is heated under pressure to remove dissolved air and vapors to minimize internal boiler corrosion

Economiser Fig: Economiser [9]

Working of steam power plant

Numerical Problem Example 12.23. The following data relate to a regenerative steam power plant generating 22500 kW energy, the alternator directly coupled to steam turbine : Condition of steam supplied to the steam turbine ... 60 bar, 450°C Condenser vacuum ... 707.5 mm Pressure at which steam is bled from the steam turbine ... 3 bar Turbine efficiency of each portion of expansion ... 87 per cent Boiler efficiency ... 86 per cent Alternator efficiency ... 94 per cent Mechanical efficiency from turbine to generator ... 97 per cent Neglecting the pump work in calculating the input to the boiler, determine : (i) The steam bled per kg of steam supplied to the turbine. (ii) The steam generated per hour if the 9 percent of the generator output is used to run the pumps. (iii) The overall efficiency of the plant. Solution. The schematic arrangement of the steam power plant is shown in Fig. 12.38 (a), while the conditions of the fluid passing through the components are represented on T-s and h-s diagrams as shown in Figs. 12.38 (b) and (c). The conditions of the fluid entering and leaving the pump are shown by the same point as the rise in temperature due to pump work is neglected.

Numerical Problem

Numerical Problem

Numerical Problem

Numerical Problem

Numerical Problem

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