Global Challenges – Biodiversity Felix Eigenbrod, Biological Sciences
Outline of today’s lecture What is biodiversity?
Outline of today’s lecture What is biodiversity? What are the big patterns of biodiversity?
Outline of today’s lecture What is biodiversity? What are the big patterns of biodiversity? Why is biodiversity decreasing?
Outline of today’s lecture What is biodiversity? What are the big patterns of biodiversity? Why is biodiversity decreasing? Why does biodiversity matter? –Ecosystem services
Outline of today’s lecture What is biodiversity? What are the big patterns of biodiversity? Why is biodiversity decreasing? Why does biodiversity matter? –Ecosystem services How do we conserve biodiversity?
Learning objectives To be able to define what the term ‘biodiversity’ means
Learning objectives To be able to define what the term ‘biodiversity’ means To be able to describe the main patterns of biodiversity
Learning objectives To be able to define what the term ‘biodiversity’ means To be able to describe the main patterns of biodiversity To be able to describe the main drivers of biodiversity loss
Learning objectives To be able to define what the term ‘biodiversity’ means To be able to describe the main patterns of biodiversity To be able to describe the main drivers of biodiversity loss To be able to discuss why biodiversity loss matters for humans
What is biodiversity? Diaz et al /journal.pbio Biodiversity can mean the number, relative abundance, or spatial distribution of: –Genotypes
What is biodiversity? Diaz et al /journal.pbio Biodiversity can mean the number, relative abundance, or spatial distribution of: –Genotypes –Species
What is biodiversity? Diaz et al /journal.pbio Biodiversity can mean the number, relative abundance, or spatial distribution of: –Genotypes –Species –Functional groups
What is biodiversity? Diaz et al /journal.pbio Biodiversity can mean the number, relative abundance, or spatial distribution of: –Genotypes –Species –Functional groups –Landscape units
Where is biodiversity? Buckley & Jetz 2007 (Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274: )
Where is biodiversity? Bird richness Orme et al Nature 436,
Where is biodiversity? Tittensor et al doi: /nature09329
Where is biodiversity? Eigenbrod et al doi: /rspb
What are the trends in biodiversity? Biodiversity is currently decreasing –The rate of species extinctions is greater than the rate of speciation (formation of new species)
What are the trends in biodiversity? Biodiversity is currently decreasing –The rate of species extinctions is greater than the rate of speciation (formation of new species) However, this is in itself not that alarming – biodiversity has declined before
What are the trends in biodiversity? Biodiversity is currently decreasing –The rate of species extinctions is greater than the rate of speciation (formation of new species) However, this is in itself not that alarming – biodiversity has declined before What is alarming is the current rate of biodiversity loss
Biodiversity is decreasing.. …as the current rate of extinction is MUCH higher than historical rates
Why are we losing biodiversity? Loss of natural habitat
Why are we losing biodiversity? Loss of natural habitat Estimated percent forest cover, 2000 (A) and percent gross forest cover loss (GFCL), 2000–2005 (B), both per sample block. Hansen et al /pnas
Why are we losing biodiversity? Agricultural production is driving this habitat loss Tilman et al Science DOI: /science
Why are we losing biodiversity? Climate change is likely to be a major driver of future biodiversity losses, particularly when combined with habitat loss
Why are we losing biodiversity? Climate change is likely to be a major driver of future biodiversity losses, particularly when combined with habitat loss (A, B) Patterns of change in land cover due to land-use and climate change by (C, D) The resulting potential impact for birds: the pattern of richness of species with projected range declines ≥50%. Jetz et al. (2007) e/info:doi/ /journal.pbio e/info:doi/ /journal.pbio
Why should you care if we lose biodiversity? For moral reasons –Nature has an intrinsic value and as the dominant organism on the planet, we have a ‘duty of care’
Why should you care if we lose biodiversity? For moral reasons –Nature has an intrinsic value and as the dominant organism on the planet, we have a ‘duty of care’..but also for pragmatic ones –Ecosystem services
What are ecosystem services? –Term first used by John Holdren in 1970s (Stanford) –Popularized by John Holdren, Paul Ehrlich and Gretchen Daily at Stanford in 1990s –Broadly – ES are the benefits (monetary or otherwise) that humans get from nature –These can be considerable….
Ecosystem Services Costanza et al (Nature) “The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital” –Estimated the YEARLY global value of ES at $ TRILLION!! –VERY crude estimate…but you get the idea
Ecosystem Services Mace and Fitter, Trends in Ecology and Evolution (2012), Vol. 27, pp 19-26
Effects of species richness on ES Balvanera et al –Meta-analysis of 446 studies –Generally positive effect Ecology Letters Volume 9, Issue 10, pages , 29 AUG 2006 DOI: /j x x/full#f3 Volume 9, Issue 10, x/full#f3
How do we conserve biodiversity Most biodiversity is in the tropics, and most threatened biodiversity is in the tropics Brooks et al
How do we conserve biodiversity Tropical countries are (generally) poor, and have the fewest resources to conserve the biodiversity we all depend on
Paying for biodiversity and ES conservation Payment for ecosystem service (PES) schemes may be a way forward
Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) REDD+ is the largest current example –Reducing [Carbon] Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation –+ the role of conservation, sustainable management and enhancement of carbon stocks is also recognized
Key points Biodiversity is… –Multifaceted –The number of species is the most frequent measure
Key points Biodiversity is… –Multifaceted –The number of species is the most frequent measure Biodiversity is located… –(Largely) in the tropics
Key points Biodiversity is… –Multifaceted –The number of species is the most frequent measure Biodiversity is located… –(Largely) in the tropics Biodiversity is declining… –Due to habitat loss driven by agricultural expansion –Climate change is a major future threat
Key points Biodiversity is… –Multifaceted –The number of species is the most frequent measure Biodiversity is located… –(Largely) in the tropics Biodiversity is declining… –Due to habitat loss driven by agricultural expansion –Climate change is a major future threat Biodiversity matters because.. –We depend on it (ecosystem services)
Key points Biodiversity is… –Multifaceted –The number of species is the most frequent measure Biodiversity is located… –(Largely) in the tropics Biodiversity is declining… –Due to habitat loss driven by agricultural expansion –Climate change is a major future threat Biodiversity matters because.. –We depend on it (ecosystem services) Conserving biodiversity… –Is hard as the countries with the most biodiversity have the least resources to conserve it