1. Emerging Science Priorities: Human Well-being Demonstrate the multiple effects/relationships of human well-being, biodiversity, and ecosystem services, in order to identify synergies and trade- offs to more effectively target conservation actions Quantify/measure the benefits and value of biodiversity and human well-being linkages (especially relative to the costs of biodiversity conservation) at different scales –Use existing projects as experiments to test hypotheses on the linkages between human well- being and conservation

2. Human Well-being (cont.) Investigate overlap of known areas of importance for biodiversity and human well- being at all scales (e.g., climate regulation, hydrological, and other ES) Economic strategies (e.g., PES schemes, such as REDD) and alternative livelihoods, and their compatibility with biodiversity conservation Research: human-wildlife conflict; zoonotics and human health

3. Emerging Science Priorities: Future Threats Research into ongoing and emerging threats (e.g., deforestation, invasive species) and their impacts Research into the drivers of existing/emerging threats (e.g., food security; energy demands) Scan for future threats by taking into account environmental, demographic, policy, and market trends

4. Future Threats Climate change –Identify likely responses of both biodiversity and human communities to climate change, to identify which regions need to be prioritized for mitigation and adaptation actions –Understand the implications of different land-use scenarios (land use changes, deforestation rates, landscape composition, etc) for GHG emissions, biodiversity conservation and human well-being, in order to inform land-use planning

5. Emerging Science Priorities: Decision-support tools Site and landscape planning/management tools –to inform appropriate conservation actions/interventions at different sites/landscapes (e.g., conservation coffee) –to evaluate likely outcomes of planning and development schemes on biodiversity, human well- being and economics –to determine optimal configurations for achieving both biodiversity and human welfare objectives (may require evaluating current land-tenure models that promote both)

6. Some considerations on tools Conduct a survey of which tools and methodologies are being used by different CI divisions and tools- and seek synergies and commonalities Non-proprietary Partnerships Access