Chapter 18 Lesson 1 Warm Up What do you think the function of the Endocrine Glands are?

Structure of the Endocrine Glands The glands of the Endocrine System are located throughout the body. Each gland has at least one particular function. – Thyroid Gland – Regulates metabolism, bone growth and body heat. – Parathyroid Gland – Regulates body’s calcium and phosphorus balance. – Testes and Ovaries – Reproductive Glands.

continued Pineal Gland – Secretes melatonin – regulates sleep and affects onset of puberty. Pituitary Gland – Regulates and controls other endocrine glands. Thymus Gland – Regulates development of immune system. Adrenal Glands – Regulates body’s salt and water balance; controls body’s emergency response.

continued Hypothalamus – Links the endocrine system with the nervous system and stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete hormones. Pancreas – Serves both the digestive system and the endocrine system. Secretes two hormones that regulate the level of glucose in the blood – glucagon and insulin.

Pituitary Gland Known as the Master Gland. Has three sections, or lobes. – Anterior – Intermediate – Posterior

Adrenal Glands Helps the body recover from stress and respond to emergencies. They each have two parts. – Adrenal Cortex – secretes a hormone that inhibits the amount of sodium excreted in urine and serves to maintain blood volume and pressure. – Adrenal Medulla – Controlled by hypothalamus and the Autonomic Nervous System. Secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.

Problems of the Endocrine System Diabetes Mellitus – Disorder in which the pancreas produces too little or no insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels. – Symptoms – Fatigue, weight loss, thirst, and frequent urination. Graves’ Disease “Hyperthyroidism” – overactive and enlarged thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxine. – Symptoms – Nervousness, weight loss, increased thirst, rapid heartbeat, and intolerance for heat.

continued Hypothyroidism – caused by low thyroxine production; causes fatigue, dry skin, weight gain, constipation, and sensitivity to cold. Cushing’s Disease – Results from overproduction of adrenal hormones. – Symptoms include round face, humped upper back, thin and easily bruised skin, and fragile bones. Goiters – Enlargement of thyroid gland; caused mainly by lack of iodine in diet. – Not as common in U.S. because of Iodized Salt.