1. How the body regulates itself!
Endocrine System
How the body regulates itself!

2. Endocrine Glands
Produce hormones and release them into the blood stream (ductless glands)
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, thymus and thyroid

3. Endocrine Organs
Pancreas
Gonads: testes and ovaries

4. Neuroendocrine organ
Hypothalamus: it receives information from the blood to direct the pituitary

5. Hormones
Long distance and long lasting chemical signals that travel through blood and lymph
They regulate the metabolic functions of other cells in the body (target cells)

6. Hormones regulate target cells by:
Altering plasma membrane permeability or potential (opening and closing ion channels)
Stimulates synthesis of proteins and regulatory molecules
Activates or deactivates enzymes
Induces secretory activity
Stimulates mitosis

7. Endocrine Glands
Pituitary: the master endocrine gland-produces at least 9 hormones
Controlled by the hypothalamus
Produces growth hormone (stimulates bone and skeletal muscles (lengthening and mass)
Oxytocin: initiates uterine contractions, milk, and sexual arousal and connection to others (cuddle hormone)

8. Thyroid Gland Located at the anterior neck, on the trachea
Thyroid hormone: 2 parts
Thyroxine (T3): metabolic function of all cells
Triiodothyronine (T4): trapping iodine
Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium levels

9. Hypothyroidism: underactive, tiredness, weight gainHI
Hypothyroidism: underactive, tiredness, weight gain
Goiter: enlargement due to lack of iodine (iodized salt)
Grave’s Disease: hyperthyroidism, shaky, enlarged eyes, anxiousness

10. Parathyroid Glands
Usually 4 tiny glands
Chief cells secrete PTH: increases blood calcium

11. Adrenal Glands
Sit on top of the kidneys

12. Adrenal Glands
Mineralocorticoids: (aldosterone) hormones that regulate electrolytes - (Sodium, potassium ions)
Glucocorticoids: (cortisol) break down lipids into glucose during stress- excess can cause inflammation response
Adrenal medulla hormones: norepinephrine and epinephrine-fight or flight

13. Pancreas Glucagon: releases glucose into the blood stream
Insulin: lowers glucose level by increasing intake into cells
Diabetes: deficiency in insulin-high blood sugar
Symptoms: polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst) , polyphagia (excessive hunger)
Hypoglycemia: low blood sugar- confusion, anxiety, too low-death

14. The Gonads
Ovaries: estrogen and progesterone
Testes: testosterone

15. Pineal gland
Produces melatonin: peak levels at night make us sleepy, low levels at midday make us feel very awake
Receives direct input from the visual pathways about light, and helps with circadian rhythms

16. Thymus
Thymic hormones are necessary for T-cell production and the function of the immune system