 From our past units, who was the imperial power that was in charge of Great Britain (think Sepoy Rebellion!!)  Following WWI, in the Treaty of Versailles, the Mandate System was established. What was the Mandate System?  What was the name of the canal built in Egypt linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea?

 For our second lesson on the Modern World, lets break down the following theme: › Imperialism ends, colonies gain independence!

 1,800 cigarettes are smoked per person each year in China.  The average human produces a quart of saliva a day, about 10,000 gallons in a lifetime.  From the 1500s to the 1700s, tobacco was prescribed by doctors to treat a variety of ailments including headaches, toothaches, arthritis, and bad breath.  In the late 19 th century, millions of human mummies were used as a fuel for locomotives in Egypt where wood and coal was scarce, but mummies were plentiful.

Introduction  As the world progresses into the 20 th century, dominant European colonial empires will begin to break apart due to locals in colonies calling for independence.  Fueled by nationalism, locals in colonies will want to express their own beliefs, religions, and practices without being controlled by white, European colonial powers.

 Since the early 1600s at the beginning of the Age of Exploration, the British Empire had claimed the entire India sub continent as part of the British Empire. › The Indian sub continent was seen as a great source of wealth, markets, and natural resources.  By the early 1900s, the Indian people began calling for an independent India, away from British rule.  The Indian National Congress, which represented all Indians, demanded that the British government grant Indian independence.

 Mohandas Gandhi, a former lawyer, became a known leader of the Indian independence movement by asking Indians to utilize civil disobedience (passive resistance) to resist the British rule. › Civil disobedience = a deliberate and public refusal to obey a law considered unjust (protesting peacefully).  In India, two religions will be dominant, Muslims and Hindus. › Both Muslims and Hindus wanted independence, but the groups showed bitter hatred towards each other.

AAt the close of World War II, due to quarrelling religions, India was divided into two nations, Pakistan (Muslim) and India (Hindu). OOn August 15, 1947, India was finally granted their independence, became the world’s largest democracy. ›I›India’s first prime minister was elected, Jawaharlal Nehru. ›I›India is divided into 28 states who possess most of the power (federal system) ›T›Three branches of government (executive, judiciary, and parliament)

 To improve India’s economy, supported western style industrialization by building factories and railroads. › New industrialization will help economic development, causing India to increase their finances.  In 1950, Nehru helps write a Constitution prohibiting the caste system, which led to massive discrimination.

 India (Hindu)  Pakistan (Muslim)  Pakistan (formerly West Pakistan)  Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan)  Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon)

 At the close of World War II, the United Nations created a charter declaring that every nation has the right to self – determination, effectively ending colonial empires and imperialism. › Self – determination = countries have the right of independence and to choose their government. › African nations supported self – determination, claiming that Africa was tired of being economically exploited by Europeans, and that Africans wanted the chance to show their cultures and heritage.  However, not all African independence movements were peaceful, violence was often involved.  Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal will all lose colonies in Africa.

 Following World War II, by 1960, most African nations had been granted independence.  West African nations (Ghana) will have peaceful transitions from a British colony to a free nation.  However, both Algeria and Kenya will have a violent independence movement against their empires.

› Algeria – violent war of independence from France. › Kenya – violent independence struggle from Great Britain, led by Jomo Kenyatta.

 In South Africa, Nelson Mandela will help unite the South African people by ending the apartheid system that was put in place by former European white empires. › Apartheid = the legal separation of races, not allowing blacks and whites to interact. › Due to his efforts of outlawing apartheid, Mandela will become the first black president of the Republic of South Africa.

 Following World War I, the Treaty of Versailles created the Mandate System, which stripped Germany of her colonies in the Middle East and gave them to France and Great Britain.  However, after World War II, these mandates will be granted independence.  Once these mandates receive their independence, numerous conflicts in the Middle East will develop due to religious conflicts.

 A bird “chews” with its stomach.  The lowest temperature ever recorded in Canada was -63 degrees Celsius in 1947, Snag River Yukon.  Approximately 25,000 workers died during the building of the Panama Canal, and approximately 20,000 of them contracted malaria and yellow fever.  The Kiwi, national bird of New Zealand, can’t fly. It lives in a hole in a the ground, is almost blind, and lays only one egg each year. Despite this, it has survived for more than 70 million years.

 French mandates that were granted independence in the Middle East = Syria and Lebanon  British mandates that were granted independence in the Middle East = Jordan (Transjordan) and Palestine

 After WWII and the Holocaust, the British, backed by the United States, created the nation of Israel out of the territory of Palestine for the Jewish population on May 14,  The area of Palestine, mostly populated by Arabs, was furious that a section of Palestine was being taken from them and given to a foreign, Jewish community.

 The day after Israel was created out of Palestine, six Arab states (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria) declared war on Israel.  Golda Meir, one of the signers of Israel’s declaration of independence, was elected as Israel’s Prime Minister.  As Prime Minister, Golda Meir (backed by the United States) will successfully lead Israel to a victory in the Yom Kippur War of 1973, establishing Israel as a solid nation.

 In 1956, Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser seizes the Suez Canal away from British and French control, claiming the Suez Canal for Egypt.  With the help of the Soviet Union’s advisors and engineers, the Egyptians will construct the Aswan Dam, providing Egypt with hydroelectricity, providing water for irrigation, and helped control flooding of the Nile. › The construction of the Aswan Dam helped Egypt become an industrialized country, helping farms with irrigated water to grow crops and harnessing electricity to run factories.