CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN DR. QAZI TALLAT M. SIDDIQUI PAKISTAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF ICID(PANCID) 23 APRIL 2014

COUNTRY PROFILE Geographical Area of Pakistan: 796,101 square kilometers Current Population: 180 million people Agriculture contribution in GDP: 25% Agriculture contribution in employment: 47% Foreign Exchange Exports (Agriculture): Above 60% Principal Crops: Wheat, Rice, Cotton, Sugar-cane, Oilseed, Grams & Pulses Large Rivers Head-works: 19 Nos. Independent Irrigation Canal System: 45 Nos. (64,000 Kms) Large Dams with height 15m and above: 143 Nos. (Including 03 Super Storage Reservoirs) - River Discharges in Summer: 3,000-34,000 Cumec (100,000-1,200,000 Cusec) Area currently served by Irrigation System: 17 million Hectares (42million acres) Average inflows 142 MAF (175 BCM) Average Canal withdrawals 105 MAF (129BCM) Installed Power Generation Capacity 20,090 MW Hydropower: 6,444 MW Thermal: 13,184 MW (Includes 8,243 MW from IPPs) Nuclear: 462 MW

RAINFALL PATTERN OVER PAKISTAN Average annual rainfall over Pakistan is 291 mm (11.4”). Nearly two third of rainfall is received in Kharif (summer) while balance is received in Rabi (winter). 3

RIVERS OF PAKISTAN World’s largest contiguous WESTERN RIVERS AFGHANISTAN Population 180 M Cultivable Area 73 Ma Irrigated Area 36 Ma Major Storage Reservoirs 3 Barrages 19 Main Canals 45 Link Canals 12 Small Dams (approx 3 MAF) 82 INDIA EASTERN RIVERS IRAN World’s largest contiguous Irrigation System worth US $ 300 billion 4

ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN WATER MANAGEMENT Federal Flood Commission (FFC) National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Provincial Disaster Management Authorities (PDMAs)/SDMA/DDMAs Pakistan Meteorological Department/ National Flood Forecasting Division Pak Army Provincial Irrigation Departments Water & Power Development Authority (WAPDA) Pakistan Commissioner for Indus Waters Indus River System Authority (IRSA) District Administrations

CAUSES OF FLOODS IN PAKISTAN Riverine floods are generally caused by heavy concentrated rainfall in catchments, during monsoon season, which is sometimes augmented by snow melt flow. Monsoon currents originating in the Bay of Bengal and resultant depressions often result in heavy downpour in the Himalayan foothills which occasionally produce destructive riverine/flash floods; Torrential Rains in plains causing urban flooding; Glacier Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) Cyclone causing flooding in coastal areas

FEDERAL FLOOD COMMISSION Preparation of Flood Protection Plan for the country; Approval of flood control/protection schemes prepared by Provincial Governments and Federal Agencies; Recommending principles of regulation of reservoirs for flood control; Review of damage to flood protection works and review of plans for restoration and reconstruction works ; Measures for improvement of Flood Forecasting & Warning System; Preparation of a Research Programme for flood control and protection; Standardization of designs and specifications for flood protection works; Evaluation and monitoring of progress of implementation of the National Flood Protection Plan.

EXISTING FLOOD PROTECTION FACILITIES (STRUCTURAL MEASURES)‏ PROVINCE EMBANKMENTS (KM)‏ SPURS (NOS.)‏ Punjab 3,332 496 Sindh 2,422 46 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 352 186 Balochistan 697 682 Total: 6,803 1,410

CAPACITY OF RESERVOIRS IN PAKISTAN Figures in MAF Live Storage Capacity Year 2013 Tarbela (1974) 6.581 Chashma (1971) 0.276 Mangla (1967/2012 Raising) 7.392 Total: 14.249 Source: IRSA

FUTURE CLIMATIC CHALLENGES Rising number of extreme climate events Marked shift in monsoon rainfall zone (NE to NW) Intense, concentrated monsoon rains Heavy downpours in short time interval Inconsistent behavior of monsoon Erratic flash flood events

ACTIVITIES IN WATER SECTOR Storage Projects Name of Project Live Storage (MAF) Irrigable Area (Acres) Installed Capacity (MW) Status/ Completion Date Basha Diamer Dam 6.40 4,500 2020-21 Mangla Dam Raising 2.90 - 180 Completed Gomal Zam Dam 1.14 163,086 17.4 2014 Satpara Dam 0.08 19,920 15.8 Kurram Tangi Dam 0.90 83.4 MW 2018 Akhori Dam 6.00 600 Engineering Design being undertaken

NATIONAL WATER POLICY Ministry of Water and Power has prepared a National Water Policy. Main points addressed in the Policy include: Sustainability Optimal and Efficient Use Development of water resources in accordance with national perspective Equitable water availability to match water requirements Time and cost control in water sector projects Revitalizing Institutions in order to meet these objectives Setting up of National Water Commission

AREAS OF COOPERATION AMONG SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES Exchange of expertise in water sector through technical tours, seminars and trainings Formulation of a common framework of action for sustainable development in water sector and coping with water related disasters Revitalizing regional treaties to settle trans-boundary water issues among neighbouring countries Promotion of dissemination of good practices in water sector through deployment of experts on reciprocal basis

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