Scientific Revolution Chapter 22 Section 1

Ancient & Medieval Science Aristotle’s Geocentric Theory – earth was center of the universe –Sun, moon, planets moved around earth in circular paths –Greek astronomer Ptolemy supported the geocentric theory Medieval Christianity taught that God had placed earth in center of the universe

Scientific Revolution = new way of thinking about natural world Careful observation, questioning accepted beliefs

Causes of the Scientific Revolution Middle Ages  establishment of universities Renaissance  encouraged scientific progress Reformation  led people to question, printing press Exploration  need for navigational technologies

Nicolaus Copernicus ( ) Heliocentric Theory: sun was center of universe Feared persecution, so did not publish findings until his death Wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies

Galileo Galilei ( ) Italian scientist Built own telescope Discovered Jupiter’s four moons, Saturn’s rings, sun spots, rough surface of moon –Published Starry Messenger Summoned to stand trial before the Inquisition

Other Astronomers Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler

Scientific Method: logical procedure for gathering & testing ideas Question, hypothesis, experiment, observe, record data, conclude Francis Bacon - English statesman & writer - Empiricism (experimental method)  experiment & then draw conclusions - Generate practical knowledge to improve people’s lives

Scientific Method René Descartes - Doubt until proven by reason - Mind and matter  “I think, therefore I am” - Observation, experimentation, general mathematical laws led to understanding of world

Isaac Newton ( ) Law of universal gravitation  every body in universe attracts every other body –Attraction depends on mass & distance Published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in 1687 Universe was giant clock; God was clockmaker

Other Scientific Discoveries Zacharias Janssen  first microscope Anton van Leeuwenhoek  used microscope to discover bacteria & red blood cells Gabriel Fahrenheit & Anders Celsius  thermometers for temperature Andreas Vesalius  studied anatomy & muscle contraction William Harvey  described circulatory system & heart Edward Jenner  introduced smallpox vaccine Robert Boyle  founder of modern Chemistry

Results of the Scientific Revolution Rise of new social group  international scientific community Introduced new knowledge about nature & revolutionary way of obtaining such knowledge Scientific point of view begins to dominate European thought, people of 1700’s spoke of their changing times as an “Age of Enlightenment.”