Practical Training Presentation INDIAN RAILWAY By:- Manoj Saran Branch:- ECE

About Indian Railway Type:- Departmental Undertaking of The Ministry of Railways, Government of India Industry:- Rail Transport Founded:- 16 April 1857 Products:- Rail transport, Corgo transport, Services etc. Revenue:- 88,355 crore (US$ 19.7 billion) ( ) Net income:- 9,595 crore (US$ 2.14 billion) ( ) Owner(s):- Republic of India (100%) Employees :-1,361,519 (2010) Divisions:- 17 Railway Zones Website:- Indianrailways.gov.inIndianrailways.gov.in

It encompasses 6,909 stations over a total route length of more than 63,028 kilometres of route length and a track length of 111,600 km. It moves 2 million tons of freight daily across the county with the help of 200,000 (freight) wagons. 7,000 passenger trains across the country services 20 million people to their destinations.

Optical Fiber Communication Optical fiber communication is provided for the following communication needs:- Control Communication with emergency communication Administrative voice and data communication. Both for control and long haul communication backbone for mobile train radio communication. When we use optical fiber then we have to the following margins:- 2 dB Cable margin : Equipment margin : 2 dB Connector loss : 0.1 dB per Km. System operational margin : 0.03 dB per Km. Splice loss : 0.2 dB per Km.

An optical fiber junction box. The yellow cables are single mode fibers. The orange and blue cables are multi-mode fibers: 50/125 µm OM2 and 50/125 µm OM3 fibers respectively.

The fig. shown above is an optical and electrical transceiver. The electrical connector is at top right, and the optical connectors are at bottom left.

Note:- After the cable is laid and splicing has been completed we should take care that the end to end loss should not exceed 0.25db/Km at 1550 nm and 0.40 db/Km at 1310 nm. Capacity Of Fibre Optic System. For Control Communication application, SDH System having capacity of STM-1 shall be used. Generally, one E1 shall be used for various control applications. For Long Haul Communication, SDH System with capacity of STM-4 or above shall be used.

Microwave Communication Objective:- To transmit information from one place to another without interruption, and clear reproduction at the receiver. It is as shown in the fig. Transmitting Antenna Receiving Antenna Line of Sight Transmitting Station Receiving Station

Before the advent of fiber optics, microwaves were used in long distance telephone transmission system. Above 100 MHz the waves travel in straight lines and can therefore be narrowly focused by parabolic antenna. In its simplest form one pair of antennas spaced as little as one or two kilometres apart. A single hop is typically 30 to 60 km in relatively flat regions for frequencies in the 2 to 8 GHz bands. Between mountain peaks hoop distance in excess of 200 km can be achieved. Introduction:-

Microwave Transmitter and Receiver

The voice, video, or data channels are combined by a technique known as multiplexing to produce a BB signal. This signal is frequency modulated to an IF and then up converted (heterodyned) to the RF for transmission through the atmosphere. The reverse process occurs at the receiver. The microwave transmission frequencies are within the approximate range 2 to 24 GHz. The frequency bands used for digital microwave radio are recommended by the CCIR. Each recommendation clearly defines the frequency range, the number of channels that can be used within that range, the channel spacing the bit rate and the polarization possibilities.

Passenger Reservation System (PRS) It is a computerized reservation system. PNR enquiry. Train accommodation availability. Communication rate is up to 9.6 kbps.

Servers for PRS in India New Delhi MumbaiMadras Howrah Secunderabad

Equipments Used in PRS Modem Multiplexing Equipment End Terminal

Modem It modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information. Modem bank

Multiplexing Equipment 4X1 MUX I0I0 I1I1 I2I2 I3I3 Y S0S0 S1S1 Selects one signal from n signals.

Working of MUX & DMUX

Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) It is interaction between computer & telephone. It is used for inquiry. Exe. :- Online train information system, passenger reservation inquiry system.

IVRS PC IVRS PC is user friendly due to it’s following features:- Setting of ring. Selection of operation on tone/pulse. Running of special messages. Recording of special messages. Supports more than one languages. Summery of received calls.

Basic Hardware’s for IVRS:- Telephone set. Computer system. Amplifier. Multiplexing Equipment. Connecting wires and cables.

Signaling System The signaling is performed by the block signaling. There are 5 types of blocks. 1. Entering and leaving a manually-controlled block. 2. Permissive and absolute blocks. 4. Fixed block. 3. Automatic block. 5. Moving block.

Train Detection 1. Track circuit. Schematic drawing of track circuit for unoccupied block

Schematic drawing of occupied track circuit Train Detection 1. Track circuit.

Train Detection 2. Axle counter.

Route Relay Interlocking (RRI) Signals may not be operated to permit conflicting train movements. Once a route is set, all switches and other movable appliances in the route are locked. Part of a relay interlocking using miniature plug-in relays

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