1. Pertemuan 4 Bandwidth

2. Discussion Topics Importance of bandwidth The desktop Measurement
Limitations
Throughput
Data transfer calculation
Digital versus analog

3. Importance of bandwidth
Bandwidth is defined as the amount of information that can flow through a network connection in a given period of time.

4. Banwidth Analogies

5. Measurement
In digital systems, the basic unit of bandwidth is bits per second (bps).
Bandwidth is the measure of how much information, or bits, can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time, or seconds.

6. Limitations
Bandwidth varies depending upon the type of media as well as the LAN and WAN technologies used.
The physics of the media account for some of the difference.
Signals travel through twisted-pair copper wire, coaxial cable, optical fiber, and air.
The actual bandwidth of a network is determined by a combination of the physical media and the technologies chosen for signaling and detecting network signals.

7. Throughput
Throughput refers to actual measured bandwidth, at a specific time of day, using specific Internet routes, and while a specific set of data is transmitted on the network.
Throughput is often far less than the maximum possible digital bandwidth of the medium that is being used. Internetworking devices
The following are some of the factors that determine throughput:
Type of data being transferred
Network topology
Number of users on the network
User computer
Server computer
Power conditions

8. Data transfer calculation
Using the formula transfer time = size of file / bandwidth (T=S/BW) allows a network administrator to estimate several of the important components of network performance.
If the typical file size for a given application is known, dividing the file size by the network bandwidth yields an estimate of the fastest time that the file can be transferred.

9. Digital versus analog
Analog bandwidth is measured by how much of the electromagnetic spectrum is occupied by each signal.
The basic unit of analog bandwidth is hertz (Hz), or cycles per second.
While analog signals are capable of carrying a variety of information, they have some significant disadvantages in comparison to digital transmissions.
The analog video signal that requires a wide frequency range for transmission cannot be squeezed into a smaller band.
Therefore, if the necessary analog bandwidth is not available, the signal cannot be sent.
In digital signaling all information is sent as bits, regardless of the kind of information it is.

10. Digital and Analog Bandwidth
Bandwidth = The width or carrying capacity of a communications circuit.
Digital bandwidth = the number of bits per second (bps) the circuit can carry
used in digital communications such as T-1 or DDS
measure in bps
T-1 -> Mbps
Analog bandwidth = the range of frequencies the circuit can carry
used in analog communications such as voice (telephones)
measured in Hertz (Hz), cycles per second
voice-grade telephone lines have a 3,100 Hz bandwidth

11. Digital and Analog Bandwidth
Digital Signals
digital signal = a signal whose state consists of discrete elements such as high or low, on or off
Analog Signals
analog signal = a signal which is “analogous” to sound waves
telephone lines are designed to carry analog signals

12. Sound Waves

13. Analog Signals, Modulation and Modem Standards
A perfect or steady tone makes a wave with consistent height (amplitude) and pitch (frequency) which looks like a sine wave. (Figure 4-15)
A cycle or one complete cycle of the wave
The frequency (the number of cycles) of the wave is measured in Hertz
Hertz (Hz) = the number of cycles per second