1. Data Transmission The basics of media, signals, bits, carries, and modems (Part II)

2. Long-Distance Communication Encoding used by RS-232 cannot work in all situations over long distances –Electric current becomes weaker as it travels on wire –Resulting signal loss may prevent accurate decoding of data –Signal loss prevents use of RS-232 over long distances Different encoding strategies needed

3. Important fact: an oscillating signal travels farther than direct current For long-distance communication –Send a sine wave (called a carrier wave) –Change (modulate) the carrier to encode data Note: modulated carrier technique used for radio and television Long Distance Communication

4. Terminology Signal: means to transport data A signal can be periodic or aperiodic

5. Terminology (cont’d) Frequency (f): rate (cycles/sec or Hz) a signal repeats. If periodic, period T = 1/f Spectrum: range of frequencies. A signal may contain a number of frequencies. Bandwidth: width of spectrum signal(s) spans over. E.g., traditional telephone line can carry frequencies between 300 Hz and 3300 Hz, then the bandwidth = 3000 Hz.

6. Terminology (cont’d) Analog signal: electromagnetic waveform (continuous) representation of (analog or digital) data (e.g., voice sound, human speech: 20 ~ 3300 Hz) Digital signal: data are represented with sequence of (discrete) voltage pulses (i.e., bit- stream: constant positive voltage level may represent binary 0, constant negative level may represent binary 1).

7. Illustration Of A Carrier Carrier –Usually a sine wave –Oscillates continuously Frequency of carrier fixed

8. Encoding Data With A Carrier Modifications to basic carrier encode data for transmission Technique called modulation Same idea as in radio, television transmission Carrier modulation used with all types of media - copper, fiber, radio, infrared, laser

9. Types Of Modulation Amplitude modulation - strength, or amplitude of carrier is modulated to encode data Frequency modulation - frequency of carrier is modulated to encode data Phase shift modulation (used in data) - changes in timing, or phase shifts encode data

10. Illustration Of Amplitude Modulation Strength of signal encodes 0 or 1 One cycle of wave needed for each bit Data rate limited by carrier bandwidth

11. Illustration Of Phase-Shift Modulation Change in phase encodes K bits Data rate higher than carrier bandwidth

12. Phase-Shift Example Section of wave is omitted at phase shift Data bits determine size of omitted section

13. Modem Hardware device Useful for long-distant communication Contains separate circuitry for –Modulation of outgoing signal –Demodulation of incoming signal Name abbreviates modulator/demodulator

14. Illustration Of Modems Used Over A Long Distance One modem at each end Separate wires carry signals in each direction Modulator on one modem connects to demodulator on other

15. Types Of Modems Conventional –Use four wires –Transmit modulated electrical wave Optical –Use glass fibers –Transmit modulated light Wireless –Use air/space –Transmit modulated RF (Radio Frequency) wave

16. Types Of Modems (cont’d) Dialup –Use voice telephone system –Transmit modulated audio tone

17. Dialup Modem Circuitry for sending data Circuitry to mimic telephone operation –Lifting handset –Dialing –Hanging up –Detecting dial tone Full duplex on one voice channel –Different carrier frequencies for each direction –Filters eliminate interference

18. Operation of Dialup Modems Receiving modem waits for call in answer mode Other modem, in call mode: –Simulates lifting handset –Listens for dial tone –Sends tones (or pulses) to dial number Answering modem: –Detects ringing –Simulates lifting handset –Sends carrier Calling modem : –Sends carrier Data exchanged

19. 56K Modems Traditional Modems: –limitation on the data rate of 33.6 Kbps maximum, both uploading and downloading –determined by narrow bandwidth of the local telephone line with up to 4 KHz 56K Modems: –Uploading with 33.6 Kbps –downloading with 56 Kbps

20. Cable Modems Cable TV provides a coaxial cable with bandwidth up to 750 MHz With frequency division multiplexing (discussed on Part III), two channels with bandwidth of 6 MHz each can be used for data transmission Speeds: –downloading -- 3 ~ 10 Mbps currently –uploading -- currently 500 Kbps ~ 1 Mbps

21. Modern Technology Full-duplex modem –Provides 2-way communication –Allows simultaneous transmission –Uses four wires Half-duplex modem –Does provide 2-way communication –Transmits in one direction at any time –Uses two wires

22. Reading Materials Chapter 6: Sections 6.1-6.5