Chapter 3.1 Matter and Energy States of Matter

As we work on this unit … Make sure you can describe the effects of adding energy to matter in terms of the motion of atoms and molecules, and the resulting phase changes.

How is the state of a substance determined? Kinetic Theory All matter is made of atoms and molecules. These are tiny particles that are always in motion. The higher the temperature of the substance is, the faster the particles move. The amount and types of particle motion determines the state or phase of a substance.

Kinetic Energy & Temperature Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion (movement). Kinetic energy is measured as TEMPERATURE More movement = more kinetic energy = higher temperature When a substance is heated, the particles absorb energy, which increases the motion of the particles (kinetic energy)

Relationship between Temperature and Kinetic Energy Kinetic Energy (increasing) T e m p r a t u Absolute Zero

Absolute Zero Absolute zero – This is the temperature at which the motion of particles stops. This occurs at –273 C or 0 K. These are the LOWEST POSSIBLE TEMPERATURES! Kelvin scale is a scale for measuring kinetic energy a substance at 100 K has half the kinetic energy as a substance at 200 K

States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate What is a phase? This is a state that a substance is in, which depends on the amount of energy in its particles Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate

States of Matter: Solids, Liquids, and Gases Overview

States of Matter and Energy BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE

Types of Particle Motion Rotation – spinning in place Vibration – shaking in place Translation – moving from place to place

Solids Solids have fixed volume Solids have a fixed shape Particles are locked in place Particles are closely-packed Particles are arranged in a pattern Particles vibrate and rotate in place. http://image.tutorvista.com/content/matter/solid-particles.jpeg

Liquids Liquid volumes do not change Liquids can change shape; they will conform to their container. Particles rotate and vibrate, and they can also translate Particles are closely packed Particles are irregular arrangement (no pattern)

Gases Gases can change volume Gases can change shape Particles moving fast enough to break away from each other Particles of a gas rotate, vibrate and translate

Plasma Plasma is common! 99% of known matter in the universe is plasma. Plasmas can change shape and volume. Plasmas have so much energy that this phase forms a gas of highly energetic, charged particles called ions.

Plasma http://api.ning.com

Energy’s Role Temperature: a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object The more kinetic energy the particles have, the higher the temperature This is not determined by the amount of the substance you have Thermal Energy: the total kinetic energy of a substance’s atoms There is more energy in a large sample of matter than in a small sample at the same temperature

Kinetic Energy At the same temperature, more massive particles move slower than less massive ones.

Thermal Energy TOTAL Kinetic energy of a substance. Depends on the number of particles in that substance! Which has a higher kinetic energy? Which has the higher thermal energy?

Thermal Energy Example Think about boiling water. If you are splashed with a drop of boiling water, you say “OUCH!” but you are fine! If you are splashed with a cup of boiling water, you will likely have burns that need to be treated by a doctor. MORE mass = MORE energy