Chapter 32-36

Theories on Communism Domino Theory -1 country falls to communism, whole region becomes communist Non-alignment - policy of neutrality Example: Indian didn’t side w/ U.S. or U.S.S.R in Cold War

India after WWII Partition of India (1947) India divided into Muslim & Hindu states (Pakistan & India) Very violent Indira Gandhi 1 st female leader of Independent India 1964

Communist China Mao Zedong Communist Chinese leader 1949 Mao’s programs of reform Great Leap Forward Failed economic plan Cultural Revolution Violent campaign to rid China old ways and instill socialist customs Tiananmen Square Massacre Pro-democracy student protests put down violently 1989

Korean War War b/w Communist N. Korea and Democratic S. Korea Cease fire 1953 Divided Korea 38 th parallel

Vietnam War Ho Chi Minh Communist N. Vietnam leader Viet Minh Ho Chi Minh’s guerilla fighters End of Vietnam War South surrendered to North Vietnam united into one, under communism

Cambodia during Vietnam War Home of Ho Chi Minh Trail Taken o/ Khmer Rouge Communist political party led by Pol Pot Committed acts of genocide

Africa after WWII Pan-Africanism Nationalistic movement for cultural unity & freedom in Africa

South Africa Apartheid “apartness” Policy segregation in S. Africa Ended 1994 Nelson Mandela Led campaign against apartheid Became first president of new S. Africa

Suez Canal Crisis 1956 Egyptian President Adel Nasser nationalized Suez Canal Consequence – GB, France, Israel attacked Egypt Crisis diverted by U.S. President Eisenhower

Tensions b/w Israel & Palestine Israel founded 1948 This upset Arab Palestinians & fighting ensued After repeated losses, Palestinians lost hope in gov. ability to reclaim Palestinian land and started guerilla org. PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)

1971 Iranian Revolution Ayatollah Khomeini o/threw Reza Shah Pahlavi

Persian Gulf War AKA Operation Desert Storm Cause: Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq, invaded Kuwait Outcome: U.S. and coalition forces removed Saddam from Kuwait, not from Iraq

OPEC Org. of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Cuban Missile Crisis Standoff b/w U.S. (JFK) and U.S.S.R. (Khrushchev) in Cuba (Castro) U.S.S.R placed missiles in Communist Cuba Reason – to protect Cuba from U.S. invasion Cuba fearful of invasion b/c U.S. tried to o/throw Castro in failed Bay of Pigs invasion Crisis avoided

NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement Canada, U.S. and Mexico

Germany Ostpolitik “Eastern Policy” (1969) W. Germany’s attempt to improve relations with E. Europe

Fall of Communism 1970’s Brezhnev Doctrine USSR intervene in any country moving away from communism 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev Began series of reforms: Perestroika “restructuring” Glasnost “openness” New democratic reforms made it hard to keep USSR together 1991 USSR fell Boris Yeltsin became president new Russian Federation

Modern World Population and Climate 2003, 6.3 billion people Effect increase pollution Effects of pollution: Acid rain – toxic rain Greenhouse effect – warming of earth’s temp., increased desertification and water levels Thinning ozone layer

Advances in Science Laser – intense beam travels in straight line Used in communications and medicine Genetics – study heredity Understanding genetic code could lead to new cures or cloning

Advances in Travel Air plane Space shuttle Apollo 11 1st moon landing

Communication Devices