Metals, Non-Metals, & Metalloids; Groups / Families

The Periodic Table

 Found on the left side of the Periodic Table  Have less than 4 electrons in their valence level  Tend to give away (lose) electrons (+ ions)

 Have a luster and are often gray in color.  Are malleable – Can be bent or pounded into shape without breaking  Are ductile – Can be formed into wire  Are good conductors of heat and electricity  All solids except Mercury (Hg)  Low ionization energy  Low electronegativity

 Found on the right side of the “stair step” line  Have more than 4 electrons in their valence level  Tend to gain electrons when forming bonds (- ions)

 Have a dull finish  Are brittle and powdery  Are not ductile  Are poor conductors of heat and electricity  Solids and gases with one liquid (Bromine)  High ionization energy  High electronegativity

 Elements that have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals  They are found along the “stair step” line on the Periodic Table

Boron

 Groups or families are the vertical columns on the periodic table.  These elements have the same number of electrons in their valence levels.  They also have many characteristics in common. The group 2 elements; beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, & barium. They are called the Alkali Earth Metals.

Which elements are these? left – magnesium right - calcium What do they have in common? The same number of electrons in their valence levels. In which period and group would you find each one? How do you know?

 Each has only one electron in it’s valence level  Soft metals that rapidly corrode when exposed to air  React violently with water  Part of many common salts  Group 1  atch?v=ODf_sPexS2Q atch?v=ODf_sPexS2Q

 Have 2 electrons in their valence level.  Highly reactive and corrosive metals.  Magnesium is found in abundance in sea water.  Calcium is important for bones and teeth.  Group 2

pale yellow gas green gas dark red liquid, orange to bromine vapour very dark grey solid, purple vapour black solid, very dark vapour Selected Properties of the Group 7 Halogens Symbol and Name Atomic Number Electron arrangement State and color at room temperature, color of vapor when heated Melting point Boiling point F Fluorine o C, 53K-188 o C 85K Cl Chlorine o C, 172K -34 o C, 239K Br Bromine o C, 266K59 o C, 332K I Iodine o C, 387K 185 o C, 458K At Astatine o C 575K337 o C 610K

Group 17 is the Halogen family; fluorine, chlorine, bromine, & iodine. What do all of these elements have in common? Each has 7 electrons in its valence level

 Have full valence levels.  Are gases at room temperature.  They rarely form compounds. Inert!!  Helium is the second most abundant element

 Horizontal rows are known as periods  Elements in the same period have the same number of principal energy levels containing electrons

 Which three groups of the Periodic Table contain the most elements classified as metalloids (semimetals)? a) 1, 2, and 13 b) 2, 13, and 14 c) 14, 15, and 16 d) 16, 17, and 18

 Which element has the highest first ionization energy? a) sodium b) aluminum c) calcium d) phosphorus