The Historical Evolution of International Politics

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2 Long Cycles of World Leadership  Long-cycle theory: Rise and fall of hegemons  Hegemon: A single powerful state that exercises predominant influence over global actors  Hegemonic stability theory: Global dominance of a hegemon is necessary to provide the order required for international commerce and military security  Enduring rivalries among great powers

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 3 The Birth of International Politics  Greek city states  Peloponnesian War

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 4 The Westphalian System  The 30 Years War  Treaty of Westphalia: –Recognized the existence and defined the rights of sovereign states  Pluralism  Recognition

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5 The Balance of Power System  Anarchy  Balance of Power  Law of War

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 6 Europe and the Rest of the World  European domination

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 7 The Concert of Europe  Liberal approach to international affairs  Debate over the relative effectiveness of collaboration versus deterrence in preventing wars continues to this day

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 8 Nationalism and Imperialism  Colonialism

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 The Road to World War I  By the beginning of the 20 th century, there was intense competition among European powers.  Triple Alliance –Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Italy  Triple entente –Britain, France, Russia  Serbian nationalists’ assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in July, 1914.

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 10 World War I: A Guide to the Major Players Alliance PowersEntente Powers GermanyGreat Britain Ottoman EmpireRussia Italy (until 1915)Italy (after 1915) United States (after 1917)

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 11 World War I Consequences  Millions of deaths  Versailles Treaty and punishment of Germany: war guilt, reparations, small military, Ruhr occupied  Rise of communism  Creation of many new states in Europe  Wilsonian liberalism and decline of realism  Strong anti-war sentiment in U.S. and western Europe

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 12 Territorial Changes in Europe Following World War I

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 13 World War II Causes  Versailles provisions inflame Germany  Fascism and Nazi grip on Germany  German irredentism  Inaction by France, Britain, Soviet Union  appeasement  American isolationism  Multipolarity  Great Depression and protectionism

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 14 World War II Consequences  Border changes in Europe  System change: end to great- power rivalries in Europe  Iron curtain in eastern Europe  Beginning of decolonization  United Nations  Bipolarity: U.S.-Soviet rivalry  the Cold War

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 15 World War II Redraws the Map of Europe

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 16 Cold War: Causes  Power transition propels both states to top of global power hierarchy  Struggle for spheres of influence  Domino theory  Mirror images  Self-fulfilling prophecy  Ideology  Security dilemma

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 17 Consequences of the Cold War  End of communism  “End of history”  Emergence of U.S. hegemony  More elusive security threats –Rogue states –Terrorism

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 18 America’s Unipolar Moment  Caused by end of Cold War  Soft power  Unilateralism of the Bush Administration  Bush Doctrine and the “war on terror”  Unipolar situation instigates other power centers to form  Imperial overstretch?

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 19 A Multipolar World  United States currently the dominant military and political power  China, Japan, India, the European Union, and possibly Russia are potential challengers for hegemon role  Multipolar distributions of power can lead to war  Power transitions

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 20 Emerging Centers of Power in the 21 st Century Global Hierarchy

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 21 Responding to Multipolarity’s Challenge  Unilateral approach  Selective engagement  Concert  Collective security

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 22 Projection of the Largest Global Economies by 2020

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 23 New World Order or Disorder?  The attacks on New York and Washington on September 11, 2001, led to a new common, enemy: terrorism.  However, disagreement exists about how to overcome terrorism—specifically with the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in March  International challenges continue: trade barriers, SARS…

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 24 The Great Powers’ Current National Security Strategies  The United States and Its Unipolar Moment –The Bush Doctrine  China’s Ascendance and Global Clout  The European Union’s Search for a Strategic Vision –Supporter of integration and institutional approaches  Japan’s Strategic Posture  Yoshida Doctrine  Russia’s Quest for Strategic Revival