Microbiology “scientific study of microorganisms and their effect on other living organisms”

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek ( ) “Father of Microbiology” “animalcules” microscopes: 300X detailed notes illustrations

Spontaneous Generation life forms arose spontaneously from non-living matter Francesco Redi: first to challenge John Needham: challenged by Lazzaro Spallanzani Louis Pasteur:

Germ Theory of Disease (Pathogenic Theory of Medicine) proposed that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases cornerstone of modern medicine and clinical microbiology generally accepted in 1900: – Agostino Bassi – Ignaz Semmelweis – Louis Pasteur

Joseph Lister Father of “Antiseptic Technique” ½ patients died of post-operative sepsis “operation successful, but the patient died” “wound sepsis” vs. “bad air” Carbolic Acid (Phenol)

Robert Koch one of the 2 founders of modern bacteriology (Louis Pasteur) anthrax in sheep injected healthy animals Determined bacteria were responsible for several disorders (TB, dysentery, conjunctivitis, cholera) Koch’s Postulates

Naming Microorganisms staphyl = “clustered together” coccus = “shaped like a sphere or ball” aureus = “a golden-yellow color” Staphylococcus aureus

Classification Kingdom Division or Phylum Class Order Family *Genus *Species

Staphylococcus aureus genus = Staphylococcus species = aureus italics : not English genus: abbreviated e.g. S. aureus

Categories of Cells Eukaryotic (“True Nucleus”) – nuclei and cytoskeleton – DNA within the nucleus Prokaryotic (“Before Nucleus”) – no nuclei and no cytoskeleton – DNA float “freely” – Bacteria and cyanobacteria

Divisions Bacteriology Rickettsiology Virology Protozoology Mycology

Bacteriology “science that studies bacteria”

Bacteria “a prokaryotic one-celled microorganism of the Kingdom Monera, existing as free living organisms or as parasites, multiplying by binary fission and having a large range of biochemical properties” pathogenic

Mycoplasmas “bacteria of the Mycoplasma genus that are found in humans and have no cell wall; the smallest free-living organisms presently known being intermediate in size between viruses and bacteria” double-stranded DNA

Chlamydia “a large group of nonmotile, gram negative intracellular parasites” replicate in cytoplasm of host cells use host’s ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) for energy

Rickettsiology “area of science that studies Rickettsia”

Rickettsia “a genus of gram-negative, pathogenic, intracellular parasitic bacteria” rod-shaped, sphere-shaped, change shape reproduce within host cell “arthropod vectors” tetracycline sulfonamides encourage growth

Virology “the study of viruses and viral diseases” Virus: “one of a group of minute infectious agents, with certain exceptions (e.g. pox viruses) not resolved in the light microscope, and characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and by the ability to replicate only within living host cells” rod-shaped, spherical, polyhedral, tad-pole

Virion individual particle that consists of nucleic acid (the nucleoid), DNA or RNA (not both), and a protein shell (capsid) viruses do not have ATP

Groups of Viruses bacterial, animal, and plant classified according to: – origin: reoviruses (respiratory and enteric) – mode of transmission: arboviruses – manifestations: polioviruses, poxviruses – geographic location: coxsackievirus

Prion “small proteinaceous infectious agents (particles) which almost certainly do not have a nucleic acid genome and thereby resist inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids” do not contain DNA or RNA spongiform encephalopathies eg: scrapie, mad cow, Creutzfeldt-Jakob

Protozoology “science that deals with the study of protozoa”

Protozoa “one celled organisms of the Kingdom Protista- most are unicellular although some are colonists” “first animals” most abundant “normal flora” Classified: shape and method of motility

Flagellates smallest

Amoebae “ooze about”

Sporozoans no locomotory extensions bending, creeping, and gliding parasitic “apical complex”: penetration

Ciliates largest protozoa “hair-like” projections eat other protozoa and bacteria

Mycology “the branch of science concerned with the study of fungi”

Fungus (Funig) “a group of diverse and widespread unicellular and multicellular organisms, lacking chlorophyll, usually bearing spores and often filamentous” categories: yeasts, molds, dimorphic saprophytes

Human Fungal Diseases categorized by the level of tissue penetration 1) superficial mycoses 2) cutaneous mycoses 3) subcutaneous mycoses 4) systemic mycoses

Opportunistic Fungal Diseases suppressed immune systems secondary infection due to treatment for original disorder can be fatal and difficult to manage