1. Prof. Mamdoh Harahsha B.Sc: Biology / Medical Analysis/Jor.
M.Sc.: Medical Microbiology/Jor.
Ph.D.: Medical Virology & Serology/ UK
* Office: Vice Dean Office

2. INTRODUCTION

3. Scope of Microbiology Microbiology Microorganisms
Study of organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Microorganisms
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa and helminthes.

4. Branches of Study Bacteriology Study of bacteria
Mycology Study of fungi and yeast
Virology Study of viruses
Parasitological Study of parasitic protozoan and helminthes
Immunology Study of the humoral and cellular immune response to disease agents and allergens

5. Importance of Microbiology
First bacteria
Photosynthesis and decomposition
Human use of microorganisms
Infectious diseases

6. Modern Uses of Microbes
Biotechnology: Production of food and chemicals
Genetic engineering: Molecular biology and recombinant DNA techniques
Gene therapy: Replaces missing or defective genes in human cells through genetic engineering.

7. Worldwide infectious disease statistics
United States Public Health Service (USPHS) - agency where notifiable diseases are reported
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)-collects disease data around the U.S. and publishes the MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)
World Health Organization (WHO)-medical arm of the U.N., monitors diseases worldwide.
Worldwide infectious disease statistics

8. Traditional Whittaker 5 Kingdom System
Microbial Taxonomy
Traditional Whittaker 5 Kingdom System

9. Woese-Fox 3 Domain System
Microbial Taxonomy
Woese-Fox 3 Domain System

10. Nomenclature Each organism has two names: the genus and species
Italicized or underline
Genus name is capitalized and species in lower case.

11. Scientific Names Staphylococcus aureus
Describes clustered arrangement of cells and golden yellow color of colonies
Escherichia coli
Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich and describes its habitat, the colon.
After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and full letters of the species (Ex: E. coli)

12. General Characteristics
Prokaryotes No nucleus and organelles
Eukaryotes Membrane bound nucleus and organelles
A cellular agents Genomes contain either DNA or RNA; newer agent is proteinaceous

13. Comparative Cellular Structures of Microbes
Cell Types
Comparative Cellular Structures of Microbes

14. The Microbes Viruses Protozoa Bacteria Bacteriophage Algae
Cyanobacteria
Spirochaetes
Fungi

15. Size of Microbes
Microbes vary in size ranging from 10 nm (nanometers) to 100 mu (micrometers) to the macroscopic.
Viruses in nm = m (meter)
Bacteria in um = 10-6 m
Helminths in mm = 10-3 m

16. Bacteria Prokaryotes Peptidoglycan cell walls Binary fission
Eg., Escherichia coli

17. Fungi Eukaryotes Chitin cell walls
Molds and mushrooms are multicellular
Yeasts are unicellular

18. Protozoa Eukaryotes Mostly saprobes and commensals
May be motile by means of pseudopod, cilia or flagella

19. Algae Eukaryotes Cellulose cell walls Photosynthetic
Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
Part of food chain

20. Helminths Eukaryotes Multicellular animals
Parasitic flatworms and roundworms called helminths
Microscopic stages in life cycles

21. Viruses Acellular Obligate intracellular parasites
Genome consist of DNA or RNA
Surrounded by protein coat
May be enclosed in lipid envelope

22. The First Microscope
Microbes were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek using a simple microscope (ca. 1673)
Reported his “animalcules” to the Royal Society of London

23. Spores and Sterilization
John Tyndall: Some microbes in dust and air were resistant to heat
Ferdinand Cohn: Discovered and described endospores
Sterile: Complete removal of all life forms including endospores

24. Louis Pasteur Microbes caused fermentation
Pasteurization: Prevent spoilage

25. Antiseptics and Hand Washing
1860s: Joseph Lister: Used, carbolic acid, a chemical antiseptic to prevent surgical wound infections
Ignaz Semmelweis: Introduced hand washing as a means of preventing transfer of puerpueral sepsis in obstetrical patients

26. Infection and Disease Infection Entry of a microbe into the host
Disease Appearance of signs and symptoms
Pathogen An infectious agent
Opportunistic pathogen A microbe that cause disease in immunocompromised hosts or when the normal microbiota is altered