Research Methods in Business and Economics2 Jan Brzozowski, PhD

types of scholar rescources&referencing Types of scholar rescources and their reliability Referencing: why? Plagiarism Quoting and rephrasing Harvard referencing system Reference list

Types of scholar rescources Books Journal articles Reports Working Papers Datasets

Books authored by 1 or more authors and edited ones 1st type: the names on the cover are those of authors only 2nd type: you have to remember that the editors are not the sole authors of the book, there might be other authors of each part/chapter

Things to remember Reliability assesment: the mark of the publishing company Write down the: authors’ names (in case of edited books – also the names of the authors of the given chapter), title (in case of edited – also the name of selected chapter(s)), name of the publishing company and city, year Note to Polish students: avoid using too many Polish books; it does not help in your English proficiency

Journal articles They have the specific structure (next class) Accessing the reliability – journal IF or publishing institution prestige (next class) Write down: author’s name(s), title, journal name, journal issue and volume (exp. Next class), year of publication

Reports Usually published by institutions (eg. World Bank, IMF) or Research Centres Reports describe either: 1.Empirical results of a study/research project – for instance Global Competitiveness Report 2.State of the art. in a given field – World Migration Report

Things to remember Reliability: who is behind the report? Authors and publishing institution. This is more important than in case of articles and books, as reports are usually not peer-reviewed Write down: authors’ names (if provided – sometimes this info is given on the second page), title, publishing institution, city, year of publishing

Working Papers Usually the most interesting, but also challenging rescources WP document work-in-progress: they are usually written in more accessible and interesting language, but this is not a final product and might have some flaws in it Reliability: hard to say. Affiliation of authors is one of the indicators, but not a perfect one. Also ssrn scores might help.

SSRN Social science research network Open, free web repository of working papers Papers are indexed by kewords and ranked by download number and citations

Write down Author’s name, title, working paper name (if any) and number (if any), publishing institution, city, year of publication

Datasets Data can be provided in various forms, usually on the web pages of institutions, sometimes on the web page of the authors It is vital to provide precise info about the source of data provided in your thesis Most of the authors provide detailed bibliographical info (how to quote their work) If you take data from institutional dataset – please write down also the name of dataset (for instance World Development Indicators)

Referencing: why? As we have mentioned before, the scientific knowledge is cumulative We build new knowledge, using the knowledge produced by others Sometimes, however you need to make one step back to understand the theory that the author is refering to – so the reader needs to check the original work (paper, book)

Besides, you should give credit to the author Without referencing your work is not reliable You cannot take all the knowledge just from your head. Writing someone’s ideas without mentioning their autor means stealing one’s work

Plagiarism Using someone’s ideas without refering the name of author(s) Quoting someone without showing quotations mark („Text”) and providing author’s name Please remember: we use anti-plagiarism software at CUE Plagiarism is a major academic offence and might result in severe fines Besides, if your orientators discovers your plagiarism, it might affect your relationship (master-student relation is based on trust!)

Quoting and rephrasing (paraphrasing) When you HAVE TO quote someone’s word, use quotations mark („Text”), then make a reference at the end of each quotation Basic rule: when pasting pieces of text which is not yours ALWAYS mark this part in red. Students sometimes use tho copy and paste different pieces of text from internet, then they tend to confuse which part is written by them and which one is pasted.

Still, you can’t quote too much The dissertation must be your original work, it’s not the college of fine art and the collage technique But instead of quoting you can rephrase someone

Rephrasing/paraphrasing means writing in your own words someone’s ideas, theories or discoveries Please remember about the style of writing: replacing the words with the synonyms from word editor is not enough!

Exercise 1 Try to rephrase the following text:

„As a part of an academic community, it is important that you show the reader where you have used someone else’s ideas or words. Failure to properly reference using the Harvard system may make the reader think that you are cheating by claiming someone else’s work as your own. In the academic environment, we call this plagiarism and it is seen as a very serious offence. Please remember that plagiarism is not just when you directly copy words from another student’s or expert’s work. Plagiarism also occurs when you re-word someone else’s ideas in your own work and you do not give credit to the original source” Samantha Dhann, Referencing - The Harvard System, Referencing - The Harvard System, University of Exeter, 2001: page 1.

Harvard referencing system The most popular referencing system Used in most scholar journals and books User-friendly for a reader and easy for a writer (student)

North claims that institutions are created in order to mantain order and increase secure transactions. They „provide the incentive structure of the economy; as that structure evolves, it shapes the direction of economic change toward growth, stagnation, or decline” (North, 1991: 97)

(North, 1991: 97) North is the name of the author (Douglass C North, Nobel Prize in Economics in 1993) 1991 is the year of publication 97 is the page number

Reference list All the scources you refer to in your paper/dissertation have to be included at the end of the text in the reference list List your sources in alphabetic format

Exercise 2 You will receive the reference lists taken from original articles or books Check the reference list and mark each source, indicating whether this was a: 1.Book 2.Chapter in an edited book 3.Article from journal 4.Report 5.Working Paper 6.Database 7.www page 8.Newspaper Provide also a reference in parentheses according to the Harvard style of referencing

Exercise 3 Home assignement Go to dropbox folder (Module 1) and find the sub-folder Class 2 (exercise 3) You will get a pdf file containing several sources. Make a reference list, using the information provided. Provide also a reference in parentheses according to the Harvard style of referencing If you are not sure how to make it: look for the document prepared by a Department of Lifelong Learning of University of Exeter, which is in our dropbox folder. It contains all the necessary instructions how to make references and prepare reference list