NEED FOR AFFILIATION Fundamental Human Motive = NEED FOR AFFILIATION VARIETIES OF LOVE Styles of Loving: Ludus – game-playing Eros - romantic Storge – friends & lovers Mania - possessive Pragma – list of traits Agape - selfless Attachment Theory: Secure Anxious- ambivalent Avoidant Triangle Theory: Passion Intimacy Commitment

Sexiest sex organ = brain thoughts, expectations, fantasies, beliefs affect desire & responsiveness, sexual motivations (primary motives vs. negative motives) “proper” sexual behavior = learned from parents & cultural norms & through sexual scripts (hetero & homosexual) “’nice women’ don’t say yes & ‘real men’ don’t say no” ORIGINS OF SEXUAL ATTITUDES = ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ARRANGEMENTS OF A CULTURE (SEX AS BARGAINING CHIP VS. FOR ENJOYMENT)

Animals = biological & genetic; reproduction Humans = more Is human sexuality a drive??? GENETIC SEX FACTORS: - development of sex organs - sex chromosome (XY XX) - secretion of sex hormones (hypothalamus) - neural wiring (testosterone effects)

PUBERTY - Action of sex hormones: 10-20x increase in secretion; continuous release vs. cyclical release; secondary char. - Sexual motivation: humans= little correlation with levels of hormones; more to do w/ psych. factors BIOLOGICAL SEX FACTORS: MAJOR STUDIES - -Kinsey (1940 & 50s) – m/f anatomy & physiology = alike; still said women had lesser sexual capacity - Masters & Johnson (1960) – m/f same but women have greater sexual capacity Masters & Johnson’s 4 Stage Model of Sexual Response excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

PSYCHOLOGICAL SEX FACTORS: gender identity Step 1: development of sexual or gender identity – Subjective experience of being male or female Learn from infancy Powerful influence on future sexual thoughts & beh. (transgenders) gender role Step 2: development of gender role – Traditional behaviors of m/f (society) Learned over lifetime Roles may overlap; neither is better or worse Influence thinking & behavior – lead to confusion, conflicts & misunderstandings over sexual behavior!

sexual orientation/preference Step 3: development of sexual orientation/preference -Biological/genetic factors or psychological? THEORIES ON CAUSES OF HOMOSEXUALITY Freud –from inappropriate identification with opposite sex parent Others – overprotective, dominant moms; passive, ineffective dads Learning Theory – rewards & punishments Bio/Genetic Support: Twin studies/X chromosome/Prenatal androgens/synthetic estrogen/anterior hypothalamus size/anterior commissure size Psychological Support: Childhood preferences for opposite sex playmates, toys, clothing, behaviors RESEARCH SUPPORTS BIOLOGICAL ROOT OVER PSYCHOLOGICAL

NO DIFFERENCES IN MENTAL HEALTH BETWEEN HETERO & HOMOSEXUALS APA & AMA - part of normal range of human sexual beh - transgenderism = gender identity disorder; is still considered a psychological disorder

Males = more frequent sexual behaviors, more partners, more extramarital affairs WHY??? SOCIAL ROLE THEORY – differences b/c of divisions of Labor which led to different norms (double standard) EVOLUTIONARY (SOCIOBIOLOGICAL) THEORY – Continuation of early behaviors that allowed survival; Males = more chances for reproduction, women = most resources, status, superior genes for high quality kids

Types: Paraphilias (deviations) & Dysfunctions Causes: - Organic: medical conditions, drug/medications - Psychological: anxiety, trauma, guilt Masters & Johnson’s 4 Stage Model of Sexual Response Response: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution Problems may occur at different stages

Achievement Motivation Achievement Motivation: Satisfaction through striving for & attaining a level of excellence High Need: -seek to prove self successful -performance & level of ability = important; failure not -seek tasks of intermediate difficulty (ring toss) -persist longer, challenging but realistic goals, compete to win, take risks Low Need: -seek to avoid failure (fear of failure) -seek very easy or very difficult tasks Develops from parents, culture (ex., literature) Can change

Desire to dominate others & influence people -aggressive & manipulativespiritual & charismatic -aggressive & manipulative or spiritual & charismatic -seek prestige & visibility (power careers, politics) Effectiveness of leadership depends on power drive: -use power to improve society (effective) -use power to further own ambitions (less effective) Study links individual motives to national events: When power motivation rises, war is likely When affiliation motivation rises, wars are averted (Winter, 1993) GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DISPLAY FOR NEED FOR POWER, NOT IN LEVEL OF NEED

Measure individual need for achievement, affiliation, power via Thematic Apperception Test Measure societal need for achievement via imagery in children’s stories Study the picture on the right until your imagination begins to form a story about it. There are no rules except that your story should have a beginning (what has happened in the story so far), middle (what is happening now), and an end (how things turn out). Thematic Apperception Test* *see