Submitted By: Preeti 376/09 EE-7 th SEM D.A.V INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Submitted to: Mr. Parminder Singh Mr. Sushil Prashar

DEVELOPING EFFICIENT URBAN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM USING MICROGRIDS

INTRODUCTION WHAT IS A MICROGRID. Localized grouping of electricity sources. Electricity generation connected to centralized grid called macrogrid. Microgrids are modern, small-scale versions of the centralized electricity system.

Microgrid

Explores how costs, energy and environmental impacts could be reduced. If cities integrated the systems that supply them with resources. Introduction of new technologies, such as distributed energy generation, will also be considered.

Example of an urban city having microgrid

TYPES OF URBAN ELECTRIC SYSTEM Technology design Building design Urban design System design Policy assessment Land use transportation

These focus on the design of the single system technologies such as heating, renewable energy technology. This is to emphasize supply-side technologies –that is, we didn’t see much about demand management, insulation, or anything like that and the studies are conducted using a mix of simulation and experimental methods.

Moving up the clearance scale, building design models look at the performance of building systems typically on a monthly or annual time frame. Unlike technology design models, the focus is largely demand-side, namely how building design affects demands for heating, cooling, and lighting.

URBAN CLIMATE A related sub-category are the urban climate models. These studies use street cross-sections or fine-grained regular grids to assess changes in urban temperature over the course of a day. By simulating external temperatures, these models should play a key role in urban energy modelling, however the energy implications of these temperatures are rarely considered.

SYSTEM DESIGN These models use optimization methods, rather than simulation, to assess how different energy supply technologies can be combined to meet a set of user- specified energy service demands. They focus largely on a district scale, looking at static or yearly timeframes.

POLICY ASSESSMENT Policy models examine the whole city on an annual or decadal timeframe and try to assess how long-range policy goals can be met. These models might use optimization techniques to determine which technologies could meet a given carbon target most cost-effectively, or they might use simulation to explore the potential impacts of a policy change.

LAND-USE TRANSPORTATION Searching for “urban energy system model” doesn’t actually turn up very many Land Use Transportation models, but land-use and transportation processes are key to understanding overall urban energy demands

With the emergence of new technology in the areas of electric vehicles and battery storage, the electric utility faces a complex and challenge in everyday management of the overall electricity. Electrical charging of these new devices will strain a utility’s ability to reliably and cost-effectively operate the electrical network.

One possible solution to these challenge is the insertion of a new system that can operate a geographical area of the utility’s distribution area in concern with other such systems functioning similarly in other parts of the larger utility operations. These smaller localized operational areas are “microgrids,” and the new localized systems are “microgrid controllers.”

More about MICROGRID. The concept is not new. For years, chemical plants, refineries,military installations and other large facilities have had the ability to generate and manager their own electricity needs while, in addition, remaining connected to centrally located generation for supplemental needs.

The current electrical generation where energy flows in one direction is becoming obsolete. Outdated transmission lines are needed to be updated as well as security and reliability problems. Microgrids provide one solution to a more efficient energy system and offer many benefits-increased efficiency and less energy loss during transmission.

One of the primary aims of introducing microgrids into a typical utility’s service territory today is to promote the use of new technologies that are becoming available for both electrical based transportation (electric autos) and advanced electrical energy storage. Without a more localized focus, electric utilities will need to attempt to upgrade their transmission and distribution facilities.

It is the backbone of electricity distribution. Microgrids have the potential to better accommodate new demands of electricity. Microgrids are typically small electrical areas embedded inside of a single electrical utility’s service territory.

BASIC NEEDS OF A MICROGRID Embedded distributed energy resources. Advanced energy storage. Flexible demand.

MICROGRID DESIGN

TYPES OF MICROGRIDS There are many types of microgrids but two of them we are going to discuss are : Traditional Intelligent

WHAT ARE INTELLIGENT MICROGRIDS??? A “smart” meter and “advanced metering interface” (AMI) to record consumption in intervals and to enable utilities to vary electricity prices according to the interval in which power was consumed. A “home area network” (HAN) that connects most if not all of their electrical apparatus together and is managed by a “home controller.”

Demand control for specific devices that permit electricity flow only under specific conditions, such as time of day and/or price level. Handle various amounts and locations of real-time data and information processing in constantly changing and largely unpredictable patterns.

MICROGRID CONTROLLERS A new type of controller is needed that can manage this diverse set of equipment effectively while providing the new services envisioned. One of the new services will improve the management of the reactive power supply of the microgrid area using advance optimization techniques. Another service involves lowering customer costs by responding automatically to real-time price signals and varying operating conditions.

MMCs communicate and take direction from the overarching Distribution Management System (DMS). The DMS has overall knowledge of all distribution areas to supply all parts of the network that need additional energy The DMS may have to adjust energy needs to accommodate excess electricity from distributed resources. It could route this excess to another adjacent distribution area.

CONTINUED……. Microgrids will use the interface between the DMS and the utility’s prevalent SCADA system for all SCADA- related events. In the future, SCADA will focus on the transmission system, and microgrid controllers will handle all distribution related control and data acquisition.

WHY USE MICROGRID MASTER CONTROLLERS??? Conceptually, a utility’s distribution system could have any number of Microgrid Master Controllers (MMCs). But the actual number would be dictated by those areas that have a bulk of distributed energy resources, advanced energy storage facilities, and “smart” consumers. The Microgrid Master Controller and its related field devices would communicate via either dedicated communication circuits utilizing protocols such as the Internet Protocol (IP) and / or applicable wireless capabilities.