Jewish Migration as a Diaspora Diaspora since at least 70CE Displacement of peoples results in wide ethnic and cultural diversity (e.g., Sephardim/ Ashkenazim) Emerging theological movements result in further cultural variation Importance of Rabbinical Life Quest for a homeland = very old tradition/ideology in Jewish identity

66-70ce Schism between Christian and Jews; Great Jewish Revolt/ fall of Jerusalem 131ce Roman Emperor Hadrian expels all Jews from Israel 4th Emperor Constantine declares Christianity official religion: Judaism severely restricted 10 – 11 th ( ce) golden age of Judaism (in Spain) th Crusades=killing spree ( ); e.g., of Crusade-era policy Fourth Lateral Council (Catholic) declares in 1215 that all Jews in Christian countries must wear black/ distinguishable clothes as so called “Christ killers.” Law not abolished in some countries until 1534 (e.g., King of Poland) 11 th (1099) crusaders capture Jerusalem 50k killed People on the move – in flight of persecution

13th expelled from England 14th expelled from France; persecuted in much of W. Europe invited to Poland 15th expelled from Spain, Portugal, Sicily 16th Martin Luther calls for expulsion of all Jews from Germany in 1542; first ghetto in Europe established (Venice) 17th Ukrainian Cossacks kill Polish gentry and 65k Jews 18th Revival of Jewish movements; successful democratic revolutions help Jewish populations; but Poland partitioned among 3 empires(Russian, Prussia, and Austria); Jews loose old privileges in Poland 19th Throughout W. Europe generally gets better for Jewish populations, e.g., they are granted citizenship in various countries. However, pogroms (“like thunder”) which were violent, organized raids against Jews spread through Russia and Eastern Europe. Cont’d people on the move – in flight of persecution

Some Origins of Ashkenazi

European migration

3 Main Waves of Jewish Migration Sephardim (“Spain”) Several thousands migrating to US between Ashkenazim: Migrating from E. Europe, e.g., Germans, Poles, Russians, Austrians, etc. Approximately 250,000 migrating to US from 1840 to 1875 Often migrating from shtetls (villages); often Yiddish speaking Many Orthodox driven out of Europe by pogroms (organized violence in ; ; )

Emerging Theological Movements Hasidics – 1742 – Ba’al Shem Tov Haskalah Movement ( ) Non-Hasidic Orthodox Reform Judaism (early 1800s) most liberal Conservative (1850s) middle ground between orthodox and reform Might inspire class divisions: rural v. urban; educated v. not formally educated

Anzia Yezierska Visiting Nurses of the Progressive Era

Henry Moskowitz, one of the original board members of NAACP in 1909 Image taken in 1933