Science Notes for Foundation Course MATTER Mr. J.Agius Personal Notes

Matter is anything that takes up space.

States of Matter All MATTER exists as either SOLIDS LIQUIDS or GASES. These are called the three states of matter. There is also a forth state called the PLASMA state

Solid Has a definite shape and does not lose it’s shape. States of Matter Solid Has a definite shape and does not lose it’s shape. It has a definite Mass and a definite Volume

This means that a solid will always look the same, take up the same amount of space, and have the same amount of molecules in it. An apple is a solid

Liquid States of Matter It does not have a definite shape. It takes the shape of any container. It has a definite Mass and a definite Volume

This means that liquids will always take up the same amount of space and have the same amount of molecules in it. However, because it does not have a definite shape, it takes the shape of its container. Water is a liquid

States of Matter Gas Does not have a definite shape or volume and takes up all space in a container.

This means that a gas does not always take up the same amount of space, nor does it weigh the same all the time. Like liquids, gases take the shape of their containers. However, they will fill the space they are given. That is why they don't always take up the same amount of space!! Air is a gas

The sun (made up of many gases), smoke from fire, and water vapor in clouds are all gases too. Can you think of more?

Plasma States of Matter Plasma fluid is made up of electrically charged atomic particles (ions and electrons). It has specific properties that make its behavior markedly different from that of other states of matter, such as gases.

PLASMA Plasma, is formed when atoms, instead of being combined into more complex structures, are broken up into their main constituent parts. This happens in natural environments such as the stars, where the temperature is very high, greater than tens of thousands, or even millions, of degrees.

PLASMA On Earth, the heat generated by electrical discharges in gases can also generate plasmas: Ex: Lightning strokes turn the air into a very hot plasma, though only for a very short time.

PLASMA Another important plasma is the Earth’s ionosphere, a layer of ions and electrons mixed with the neutral gases of the atmosphere, about 100 km (60 mi) above the Earth’s surface. In the ionosphere, electrons are stripped from the atoms by the ultraviolet light and X-rays emitted by the Sun.

Science Notes for Foundation Course Measuring Matter The amount of space matter take up. Use a measuring cup or graduate to find volume. Volume If you thing what kind of equation has volume and mass as two properties, your answer will be the Density. This means that with these two measurements you can find the density of any material. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Use a balance or scale to find mass. Mass Mr. J.Agius Personal Notes

Physical Changes in Matter Cut Tear Folded Written On Painted Liquid Solid Gas Mixture Solution

Chemical Changes in Matter New Matter is formed. Burning Rusting Cooking Film Processing

Particle Theory Solids In a solid… The particles are packed VERY CLOSELY TOGETHER and… …each particle exerts a LARGE PULL FORCE on every other particle around it. Each particle can ONLY VIBRATE (move to and fro)… …about its FIXED POSITION which doesn’t change.

Particle Theory Solids are; generally arranged with unique symmetrical regularity. tightly held together with little space between the molecules (or atoms) incompressible. Strong electrostatic forces, which vary from compound to compound, hold the molecules together. All solids have some molecular motion. All solids have vibrational modes of energy.

Types of Solids Ice is only one form of a solid. Crystalline solids have ordered uniform arrangement of the atoms. Some crystalline solids are diamonds, metals, and salts. Amorphous solids are disordered and do not break cleanly. Some amorphous solids are glass and plastics.

Particle Theory Liquids In a liquid… The particles are packed CLOSELY TOGETHER … …and each particle exerts a SMALL PULL FORCE on every other particle around it. The particles MOVE AROUND… …in ANY DIRECTION within the liquid.

The Liquid State The atoms (or molecules) in the liquid state are held together by attractive forces. These forces are stronger than those between a gas but less than the forces holding a solid together. Liquids have both vibrational and rotational modes of energy. Surface tension, solubility, and capillary action are all properties of a liquid which aid in distinguishing one liquid from another.

Particle Theory Gases In a gas… The particles are FAR APART from each other… …and there is NO PULL FORCE between the particles. The particles MOVE AROUND QUICKLY… …in ANY DIRECTION within their container.

The Gaseous State Steam, vapors, mists, and wind are all different forms of gases. Gas particles are very weakly held together so the particles are very far apart. Gases have vibrational, rotational, and translational modes of energy.

Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases Solids, Liquids and Gases have certain Properties that enable us to distinguish between each of the states. These properties can be easily explained if we use the Particle Theory to consider how the particles are Arranged and Move in each state.

Phases of Matter solid liquid gas plasma the phases solid liquid gas plasma depend on how tightly bound the atoms and/or molecules are As temperature increases, these bonds are loosened: