17.1 Why do animals need a skeleton? 17.2 The human skeleton 17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton 17.4 Joints 17.5 Muscles 17.6 Locomotion in humans Mind Map 17 Locomotion in humans

17.1 Why do animals need a skeleton?

Support body weight Help movement 17.1 Why do animals need a skeleton?

 Bones inside the body 17.1 Why do animals need a skeleton?

17.2 The human skeleton

Bones Cartilage Human skeleton 17.2 The human skeleton

Living cells mainly calcium phosphate Minerals 2 1 Bones Composition makes the bone hard 17.2 The human skeleton

Bones yellow bone marrow spongy bone cartilage compact bone 17.2 The human skeleton

spongy bone contains red bone marrow small cavities produces blood cells 17.2 The human skeleton

yellow bone marrow stores fat (in adults) 17.2 The human skeleton

compact bone very hard & dense 17.2 The human skeleton

does not contain calcium salts On the two ends of bone Cartilage much softer and more flexible than bone 17.2 The human skeleton

Pressure shock-absorber acts as It is cushion-like Functions 17.2 The human skeleton

reduces friction During movement avoids wearing of bones Functions 17.2 The human skeleton

keeps trachea open all the time can be found in trachea gives shape can be found in ear pinna & the end of nose Functions 17.2 The human skeleton

Absorbs shock Reduces friction Maintains shape Cartilage Functions 17.2 The human skeleton

17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton

skull sternum rib vertebral column collar bone scapula humerus radius ulna pelvic girdle femur knee cap tibia fibula rib cage pectoral girdle forelimb hind limb Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Human skeleton 17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton

cranium eye socket nose bones upper jaw teeth lower jaw Skull 17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton

cranium eye socket nose bones upper jaw teeth lower jaw movable immovable Skull

Function protects brain eyes ears 17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton

Vertebral column spinal cord vertebra intervertebral disc 17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton

Vertebral column 17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton S-shaped composed of 33 vertebrae protects spinal cord 12 gives support to upper part of the body Functions

Vertebral Column SternumRib Rib Cage 17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton

Rib Cage Functions protects lungs heart 12 involved in breathing 3 produces blood cells 17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton

arm pectoral girdle Appendicular skeleton 17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton links vertebral column with

pelvic girdle vertebral column with 17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton Appendicular skeleton links leg protects the organs in the lower part of the abdomen

Human skeleton Functions Support & maintenance of the body shape 1 support weight 17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton

Human skeleton Functions For attachment of muscles and for movement 2 bends extends 17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton

Human skeleton Functions Protection of internal organs 3 rib heart lung 17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton

Human skeleton Functions Production of blood cells General plan and functions of the human skeleton red bone marrow red blood cell white blood cell

Human skeleton Functions Storage 5 compact bone tissue stores calcium salts and phosphorus yellow bone marrow stores fat 17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton

17.4 Joints

Joints -- where two or more bones meet some are immobile e.g. sutures in the cranium some are mobile, called movable joints e.g. knee joint, elbow joint 17.4 Joints

bone 1 bone 2 Structure ligaments hold two bones together elastic prevent dislocation allow movement tough 17.4 Joints

Structure tendon articular cartilage ligament tibia synovial membrane synovial fluid muscle femur 17.4 Joints

synovial membrane synovial fluid secretes Structure Reduce Friction 17.4 Joints

Structure articular cartilage Absorb shocks 1 Reduce friction 2 Prevent wearing Joints

Allows movement in ONE plane only Hinge joint Types of Joint 17.4 Joints

Allows movement in ALL planes Ball-and- socket joint socketball Types of Joint 17.4 Joints

Ball-and-socket joint Hinge joint 1. Shoulder joint 2. Hip joint 1. Elbow joint 2. Knee joint 17.4 Joints

17.5 Muscles

Muscle contractio n Respiration Energy (ATP) force 17.5 Muscles

Skeletal muscles Muscles attached to bone contracts powerfully because of accumulation of lactic acid becomes shortened 1 becomes fatigued 2 for a long period of time 17.5 Muscles

17.6 Locomotion in humans

Muscle and the skeleton tendons muscle joining muscle to bones made up of collagen tough and inelastic transmit force from muscles to bones immediately 17.6 Locomotion in humans bone

Tendon Ligament Comparisons between tendons and ligaments attaches muscle to bone attaches bone to bone elastic inelastic transmits force from muscles to bones allows movement prevents dislocatio n 17.6 Locomotion in humans

Movement of the forearm biceps triceps contracts (thicker & shorter) relaxes (thinner & longer) Bending the arm biceps triceps 17.6 Locomotion in humans

Movement of the forearm biceps triceps contracts (thicker & shorter) relaxes (thinner & longer) biceps triceps Straightening the arm 17.6 Locomotion in humans

Movement of the forearm Biceps Triceps Work in pair & carry out opposite actions Antagonistic (opposing) muscles biceps triceps biceps contracts relaxes contracts relaxes triceps Bending the arm Straightening the arm 17.6 Locomotion in humans

Movement of the forearm biceps triceps biceps contracts relaxes contracts relaxes Bending the arm Straightening the arm Biceps bends a limb by contraction Flexor Triceps straightens a limb by contraction Extensor triceps 17.6 Locomotion in humans

Bone as levers muscles act on the bones across the joints bones are moved like levers 17.6 Locomotion in humans

Bone as levers hand (load) load contraction of biceps (effort) effort elbow joint (fulcrum) fulcrum The force is transmitted along the lever to the load 17.6 Locomotion in humans

wooden board Z balloon B wooden board X nail string tying the balloon to a nail wooden board Y screw allowing movement of wooden board Z balloon A Experiment 17.1 Examination of an arm model 17.6 Locomotion in humans

1.Study the arm model. 2.Move wooden board Z so that it forms an angle of less than 90º with wooden board Y. Notice the thickness of the two balloons. 3.Move wooden board Z so that it forms a large angle with wooden board Y. (Wooden boards Y and Z may lie on the same line. The angle should not exceed 180 º.) Notice the thickness of the two balloons. Experiment 17.1 Examination of an arm model 17.6 Locomotion in humans

Question 1: What parts of the forelimb are represented by the wooden boards and the screw between wooden boards Y and Z respectively? Answer: The wooden boards represent the bones and the screw between wooden boards Y and Z represents the elbow joint. Experiment 17.1 Examination of an arm model 17.6 Locomotion in humans

Question 2: Which balloon represents the triceps? Which represents the biceps? Answer: Balloon A represents the triceps and balloon B represents the biceps. Experiment 17.1 Examination of an arm model 17.6 Locomotion in humans

Question 3: What happens to the biceps and triceps as the forearm is bent or straightened? Answer: As the forearm is bent, the biceps contracts and becomes shorter and thicker, and the triceps relaxes and becomes longer and thinner. The actions of the two muscles oppose each other. To straighten the forearm, the biceps relaxes and the triceps contracts. Experiment 17.1 Examination of an arm model 17.6 Locomotion in humans

Mind Map Locomotion in humans involves the coordination of examples is made up of consists of can be divided into linked up by consists of skeleton joints skeletal muscles extensor flexor tendons 1. bones 2. cartilage appendicular skeleton axial skeleton 1. skull 2. vertebral column 3. ribs and sternum 1. pectoral girdles 2. pelvic girdles 3. limb bones triceps biceps 1. hinge joints 2. ball-and -socket joints 1. shoulder joints 1. knee joints 2. hip joints 2. elbow joints ligaments held together by example examples