DVD Clip from Fox News on Sinkholes---1 and ½ minutes DVD on the Giant Crystal Cave DVD…formed from Gypsum….500,000 years to form largest crystal in Mexico Get out deposition tubes to show

Surface Water A. Runoff --rainwater that flows across the Earth’s surface ; amount of runoff is affected by several factors: 1. Amount of rain 2. Length of time it falls 3. Steepness, or slope, of the land the water is running down 4. Amount of plants on the slope

B.River system— the network of groundwater and streams that come together to form a river 1.Drainage basin or Watershed— the area of land from which a stream or river collects runoff 2. Mississippi River drainage basin — largest in the United States 3. Watersheds are separated by a divide, which is an area of higher ground above the basins it separates

The Continental Divide separates the watersheds that flow into the Atlantic and the Gulf from those that flow to the Pacific The Red Line Represents the Continental Divide

Now Let’s Talk About GROUNDWATER Groundwater —water that soaks into the ground and collects in the spaces (pores) of the rock underlying the soil 1. 14% of all freshwater exists as groundwater 2. Soil and rock are permeable if water can pass through the pore spaces. An example is sandstone. 3. Soil and rock are impermeable if water cannot pass through them. An example is granite. 4. Aquifer —a layer of permeable rock that lets water move through it freely

A.zone of saturation : the area where all spaces (pores) in the rock are filled with water B. water table : upper surface of the zone of saturation

C. zone of aeration : not completely filled with water D. artesian well: occurs when a layer of permeable rock is stuck in between layers of impermeable rock. Artesian Well Gray layers -water cannot get through Blue layer -full of water

The Water Table The top of the saturated zone is called the water table. The water table rises and falls according to the season of the year and the amount of rain and snow melt that occurs. It is typically higher in early spring and lower in late summer. WINTER SUMMER

Cone of Depression Pumping from a well in a water table aquifer lowers the water table near the well. This area is known as a cone of depression. Groundwater flows towards the well into the cone of depression.

KARST TOPOGRAPHY (CAVES) Just like rivers erode the land on the surface, groundwater can erode the rocks below the surface. 1.Huge formations below the surface due to this erosion are caves. 2. Limestone is dissolved easily by running water

3. Caves can also show signs of deposition through stalactites and stalagmites which are created by deposits left from dripping water.

4.Sinkholes : If the water table is lower than the cave, the cave can’t be supported by the water underneath and The roof of the cave will collapse, forming a sinkhole Florida is highly susceptible to sinkholes

KARST TOPOGRAPHY KEY WORDS THAT GO WITH KARST TOPOGRAPHY Limestone Caves Sinkholes

Amazing Earth Science Facts 1.______________________has caves and sinkholes produced by acidic groundwater dissolving limestone 2.__________________Province is famous for Karst topography 3.Groundwater layers from the surface down would include zone of aeration, _________________, and zone of saturation 4. An __________ is a layer of rock that transports groundwater freely Karst topography water table aquifer Valley & Ridge

5.______________ is the dropping or settling out of sediment 6.Streams and moving water are the major agents of ____________ 7.__________ is the process by which Earth materials are transported by moving water, ice or wind. Gravity causes all these to happen 8.As particle size___________, permeability (the ability to transport water) increases. 9. A _________ is an area where the water table reaches the land’s surface. Deposition erosion Erosion spring increases

THE GIANT CRYSTAL CAVE Buried 1000 feet below the Naica mountain in the Chihuahuan Desert, known as the Crystal Cave of Giants — is a magnificent natural wonder of the largest crystals of selenite (gypsum) on Earth, up to 4 feet in diameter and 50 feet long, weighing as much as 55 tons. Two miners excavating a new tunnel through the Naica fault made the spectacular discovery in 2000