1. Water Beneath the Surface Ch. 6

2. Groundwater: underground water that fills almost all the pores in rock and sediment
-makes up 90% of the Earth’s liquid freshwater

4. Porosity: refers to the percentage of open spaces in rock or sediment

6. Porosity:
Affected by: 1. sorting: amount of uniformity in size of particle in a rock or sediment -same size particles=large porosity
-different size particles= small porosity
2. way particles are packed together – packed loosely= high porosity - packed tightly= low porosity

9. Permeability: how freely water passes through open spaces in rock or sediment
-open spaces must be connected to be permeable !

11. Impermeable: rock or sediment that water can not flow through

12. Ground water flow depends on permeability of aquifer and gradient of its water table.
Gradient increase = velocity of ground water increase Gradient decrease = velocity of ground water decrease

13. II. Water Beneath the Surface
zone of saturation: layer of groundwater where all pores are full
aquifer: body of rock through which large amounts of water can flow and much water is stored
water table: upper surface of the zone of saturation

15. capillary fringe: where water is drawn up by capillary action from zone of saturation
zone of aeration: zone that lies between water table and surface (remains dry except during rainfall)
soil-water region: space around soil accumulates water

19. III. Wells & Springs
well: a hole that is dug below the water table and fills with groundwater
cone of depression: cone-shaped depression in water table around a well
artesian well: well in which water flows freely with no pumping necessary
cap rock: top layer of impermeable rock

27. spring: a natural flow of groundwater to the Earth’s surface that is found where the ground dips below the water table
artesian spring: natural flow of water to the surface from an artesian formation

29. hot spring: hot groundwater that rises to surface before cooling

30. geysers: hot springs that erupt periodically

31. Observe an animation showing how geysers erupt.

33. Conserving Groundwater: Sources of pollution – water dumps, underground storage tanks, agriculture and lawn fertilizers, pesticides, leaking sewage

35. Conservation – monitor levels of water tables, discourage uses of excess water, recycle, purifying used water

36. Results of Weathering by Groundwater
hard water: water that contains large amounts of dissolved minerals
has metallic taste, soap won’t make suds, damages appliances that use water

38. caverns: large cave with connecting chambers

39. Observe an animation of cave formation.

40. sinkhole: depression formed when the roof of a cavern collapses

41. stalactite: cone-shaped calcite deposit suspended from the ceiling of a cavern

42. stalagmite: cone-shaped calcite deposit built up from the floor of a cavern