Unit 09 - Overview Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the NewbornDevelopmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Infancy and Childhood: Social Development Gender Development Parents, Peers, and Early Experiences Adolescence: Physical and Cognitive Development Adolescence: Social Development and Emerging AdulthoodAdolescence: Social Development and Emerging Adulthood Sexual Development Adulthood: Physical, Cognitive, and Social Development

Developmental Psychology’s Major Issues Developmental psychology –Nature versus nurture –Continuity and stages –Stability and change

Prenatal Development and the Newborn Conception Conception

Prenatal Development and the Newborn Prenatal Development Zygote Embryo Fetus

Prenatal Development and the Newborn Prenatal Development Placenta Teratogens Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Prenatal Development and the Newborn The Competent Newborn Reflexes Habituation Novelty-preference procedure Sensation and perception

Introduction Maturation

Brain Development Brain development Pruning process

Motor Development Motor development –Learning to walk

Brain Maturation and Infant Memory Infantile amnesia

Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Cognition Jean Piaget –SchemaSchema –AssimilationAssimilation –AccommodationAccommodation

Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking

Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Sensorimotor Stage Sensorimotor Stage –Object permanenceObject permanence

Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Sensorimotor Stage Sensorimotor Stage –Baby Physics –Baby Math

Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Preoperational Stage Preoperational Stage –ConservationConservation

Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Preoperational Stage: Egocentrism Egocentric

Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Preoperational Stage: Theory of Mind Theory of Mind

Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Concrete Operational Stage Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Formal Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage –Abstract concepts

An Alternative Viewpoint: Lev Vygotsky’s Scaffolding Vygotsky –Scaffolding –Zone of proximal development

Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory Influential theory

Introduction Stranger anxiety

Origins of Attachment Attachment –Body contact Harry Harlow’s studies

Origins of Attachment Familiarity Critical period Imprinting

Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting Ainsworth’s “strange situation” Secure attachment Insecure attachment

Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting

Temperament

Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting Attachment Styles and Later Relationships Erikson Basic trust

Deprivation of Attachment Early deprivation of attachment Disruption of attachment

Day Care Does day care affect attachment?

Self-Concept Self-concept –Self-esteem –Self - awareness

Parenting Styles Parenting styles (Baumrind) –Authoritarian –Permissive –Authoritative Correlation versus causation

Culture and Child Raising Differences in child-rearing from culture to culture –Family self

Introduction Gender –Influences on social development

How Are We Alike? How Do We Differ? Gender and aggression –AggressionAggression Physical versus relational aggression Gender and social power Gender and social connectedness

The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture Gender Roles Gender Role –RoleRole

The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture How Do We Learn to Be Male or Female? Gender and child-rearing –Gender identity –Gender typingGender typing Social learning theory Transgender

Experience and Brain Development

How Much Credit or Blame Do Parents Deserve? How much credit (or blame) do parents deserve?

Peer Influence Peer influence

Introduction Adolescence

Introduction Physical Development Puberty Brain development –Myelin growth

Cognitive Development Developing Reasoning Power Piaget’s formal operations

Cognitive Development Developing Morality: Moral Reasoning Lawrence Kohlberg –Preconventional morality –Conventional morality –Postconventional morality

Cognitive Development Developing Morality: Moral Reasoning

Cognitive Development Moral Intuition Moral Intuition Moral action

Forming an Identity Forming an identity –IdentityIdentity –Social identitySocial identity –IntimacyIntimacy

Parent and Peer Relationships Parent and peer relationships

Emerging Adulthood Emerging adulthood

Emerging Adulthood Emerging adulthood

Sexual Development Prenatal Sexual Development Sex chromosomes –X chromosomeX chromosome –Y chromosomeY chromosome Sex hormones –TestosteroneTestosterone

Sexual Development Adolescent Sexual Development Puberty –Primary sexual characteristicsPrimary sexual characteristics Menarche –Secondary sexual characteristicsSecondary sexual characteristics –Spermarch and Menarche

Sexual Development Adolescent Sexual Development

Sexual Development Variations in Sexual Development Intersex

Sexual Development Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually transmitted diseases AIDS (acquired immune syndrome)AIDS Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

Sexual Development Teen Pregnancy Teenage pregnancy rates Environmental factors

Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation –Homosexual orientation –Heterosexual orientation –Bisexual orientation Statistics Difficulties Environment and sexual orientation

Sexual Orientation Biology and Sexual Orientation Same-sex attraction in other species Gay-straight brain differences Genetic influences Prenatal influences Gay-straight trait differences

Physical Development Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood Physical changes in middle adulthood –MenopauseMenopause

Physical Development Physical Changes in Later Life Physical changes in later life –Strength and stamina –Sensory abilities –Health –The aging brain Neurocognitive disorders

Cognitive Development Recall versus recognition

Cognitive Development Cross-Sectional Evidence –Cross-sectional studyCross-sectional study Longitudinal Evidence –Longitudinal studyLongitudinal study Terminal decline

Social Development Adulthood’s Ages and Stages Midlife transition Social clock

Social Development Adulthood’s Commitments Love Work

Social Development Well-Being Across the Life Span Well-being across the life span Death and dying