Unit 1: Attachment Revision Do you know the definition of Attachment?

THEORIES OF ATTACHMENT. 1. Learning Theory (Behaviourist Approach) is also known as…… Attachment occurs with person who…. 2 types of conditioning are…. Association & Reinforcement – which is which…? UCS, UCR, Neutral stimulus, CS, CR – what are they? Primary reinforcer – mum or food? AO2: Harlow’s monkeys – found? Problems with monkey study? Schaffer & Emerson – found? Theory is reductionist - explain. Based on animal studies so extrapolation has occurred – explain.

2. Bowlby’s is what type of theory? Explain: Innate, adaptive, sensitive period, social releasers, Monotropy, Sensitive Responsiveness, Internal Working Model, Continuity Hypothesis, Primary & secondary attachments. AO2: Support for Bowlby… Hodges & Tizard – when sensitive period passed? Schaffer & Emerson – evidence of? Against… Rutter – Multiple Attachment Model – secondary attachments are ….? Temperament Hypothesis – Which babies are more likely to be securely attached?

Ainsworth – Types of Attachment Ugandan Study – discuss. Baltimore Study – discuss. Ainsworth & Wittig – Strange Situation What was being measured? 3 attachment types? 3 Characteristics of each? AO2: Missed 4 th type – which? Only tested with mother - why a problem? How did Bowlby defend this criticism? Ethical concerns with the study? But…how good was the inter-observer reliability? Applications in real world – name one! Any other reasons for unreliability?

Cultural Variations Cultural similarities: Ainsworth (67) – Uganda Tronick (92) – Efe tribe of Zaire Fox (77) – Israel Cultural differences: Grossman & Grossman (91)- Germany Takahashi (90) – Japan AO2: Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg – meta-analysis Culture Bias Lack of validity – no culture is homogenous Imposed Etic Media – what has this to do with cultural similarites?

Disruption to Attachment Separation – e.g? PDD model Case studies:Robertson & Robertson -John & Laura -AO2: problems + praise with case studies? Deprivation (maternal) – eg? -Spitz & Wolf(46) – Anaclitic depression -Skeels & Dye (39) – kids in home for mentally retarded adults -Bifulco (92) – women who’s lost mum before age 17 were….. AO2: -Individual Differences exist between children -Who copes better – those initially attached or those who weren’t? -Hospitals changed due to research – how? -Can’t know whether all children were suffering deprivation or privation or other neglect or abuse – no accurate records.

Failure to Attach Privation – definition & eg? Case studies: Genie – age 14 - never really recovered – slight improvements. Czech twins – age 7 - recovered. Hodges & Tizard – UK institution. Recovery possible if adopted. Rutter – Romanian orphans rescued. Better for those b4 6 months. AO2: Genie – was she retarded from birth? / Expts not therapy?/ Not adopted Czech twins – had each other, found earlier, not retarded, loving adoptive parents (sisters). H & T – Not sure if all were cases of privation. Don’t know if probs lasted into adulthood – not followed up – could be late developers. Rutter – privation cannot be only factor as some kids recovered well. Those who did not might have suffered other hardships or results might be due to individual differences (e.g. Personality).

Day Care Day Care is Bad! Aggression NICHD study – 1000 kids: positive correlation between hours in day care & aggression by age 5. Belsky – NICHD follow up – still aggressive by age 11. Mellhuish – high day care in first 2 years linked to ant- social behaviour (including aggression). Sociability & Peer relations Belsky & Rovine >20 hours per week before age 1 linked to insecure attachment & poor peer relations.

Day Care is Good! Sociability & peer relations EPPE study – 3000 kids – Those in day care were more sociable & independent. Improved negotiation skills & making friends. Clarke-Stewart(94) – of 150 kids - day care kids were more advanced in their social development than stay at home kids. This included: sociability, independence, obedience, compliance & peer relations. Brown & Harris (78) – depressed mums -good day care can provide social stimulation where they may be none in the home and aid social development. Field (91) – amount of time in day care positively correlates with number of friends children had later in school.

AO2 for Day Care NICHD study – only 17% were more aggressive. Mothers sensitivity & home factors are more strongly linked to problem behaviour. Research only correlational so can’t tell us cause & effect (i.e. that day care actually causes either good or bad outcomes) It may be that more sociable mums more likely to be working mums & so nurseries are full of sociable kids. Other factors are important too:  Quality of day care  Individual Differences (some cope better than others in day care)  Age & Hours in Day Care (>20 hours?) Gregg (05) – study of 14,000 kids – mothers employment found no adverse effects on behaviour (except in special circumstances).

How research has affected child care practices Robertson & Robertson – improved hospital care? Rutter (Romanian orphanages) – adoption age? Ainsworth (Circle of security) – parenting skills taught to whom? Key workers in nurseries – The Robertsons. Day Care should now include: Low staff to child ratio (NICHD study) Sensitive emotional care ( NICHD study) Low staff turnover (Schaffer – disruptive if high) Stimulating timetabled activities. Involve parents and more.