Characteristics of the New Monarchies 1.They offered the institution of monarchy as a guarantee of law and order. 2.They proclaimed that hereditary monarchy was the legitimate form of public power  all should accept this without resistance. 3.They enlisted the support of the middle class in the towns  tired of the local power of feudal nobles.

Characteristics of the New Monarchies 4.They would have to get their monarchies sufficiently organized & their finances into reliable order. 5.They would break down the mass of feudal, inherited, customary, or “common” law in which the rights of the feudal classes were entrenched. 6.The kings would MAKE law, enact it by his own authority, regardless of previous custom or historic liberties  What pleases the prince has the force of law!

Possible Basis of “Divine Right of Kings ” Romans 13:1-4 ” Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God. Therefore whoever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment. For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive his approval, for he is God ’ s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God ’ s wrath on the wrongdoer. ”

England  stability under the Tudor and Stuart families France  consolidation of power Spain  unification by marriage HR Empire  different model: the cost of decentralization

The Valois Dynasty in FranceThe Valois Dynasty in France

France in the 15 c – 16 c

The Habsburg DynastyThe Habsburg Dynasty

Ferdinand & Isabella of SpainFerdinand & Isabella of Spain The Madonna of the Monarchs

Kingdoms of Spain: 1492

Empire of Charles V

The Empire of Philip II

A Powerful Spanish Empire  A New Spanish-Hapsburg Ruler  In 1556, Philip II begins ruling Spain and its possessions  Philip II ’ s Empire  Philip seizes Portugal in 1580  Gold and silver from Americas make Spain extremely wealthy

A Powerful Spanish Empire  Defender of Catholicism  Philip defends Catholicism against Muslims and Protestants  Spanish fleet helps defeat Ottomans at Lepanto in  Spanish Armada is defeated by the British in 1588.

The Spanish Empire Weakens  Inflation and Taxes  Inflation weakens Spain’s economy.  Taxes on lower class prevents development of middle class.  Making Spain ’ s Enemies Rich  Spaniards buy goods abroad, making Spain ’ s enemies rich.  Philip declares bankruptcy three times due to weak economy.  The Dutch Revolt  Protestants in the Netherlands win independence from Spain in 1579.

The Independent Dutch Prosper  A Different Society  The Netherlands is a republic and practices religious toleration.  Dutch Art  In the 1600s, the Netherlands becomes center of European Art  Rembrandt and Vermeer are famous Dutch Painters

The Independent Dutch Prosper  Dutch Trading Empire  Dutch merchants engage in world trade  Dutch have world ’ s largest trading fleet  Dutch people replace Italians as Europe ’ s bankers

The Holy Roman Empire: Late 1512

Section Opener  After a period of turmoil, absolute monarchs rule Austria and the Germanic state of Prussia.

The Thirty Years ’ War  Rising Tension  Tension rises between Lutherans and Catholics in central Europe  The Peace of Augsburg gave Protestants (German Princes) religious freedom  Both Catholics and Lutherans feared the Calvinists  Bohemian Protestants Revolt  In 1618, Protestants revolt against Catholic Hapsburg rulers (Ferdinand II)  Result in Thirty Years ’ War—conflict over religion, land, power among ruling families

Thirty Years ’ War  Hapsburg Triumphs (sometimes spelled “ Habsburg ” )  From 1618 to 1630, Hapsburg armies have many victories against Protestant Princes  Troops wanted to win because Ferdinand II said they could plunder (rob) many German villages

Ferdinand II [Hapsburg], Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia ( ) - His hatred for the Protestants caused the Thirty Years’ War

House of Habsburg coat of arms at their height

Austrian Hapsburg Coat of Arms

Current Flag & Coat of Arms of Austria civil flag of Austria coat of arms of Austria

State and War Flag of Austria A combination of the civil flag and the coat of arms of Austria.

Thirty Years’ War  Hapsburg Defeats  In 1630, tide turns in favor of Protestants  German Princes + Swedish Protestants + Cardinal Richelieu of France = defeated Catholic Hapsburgs  The Cardinal was Catholic! But he joined for France’s political power… gain power over Holy Roman Empire !

Thirty Years ’ War  Peace of Westphalia  War ruins German economy, greatly decreases population  Peace of Westphalia (1648) ends Thirty Years’ War  Treaty weakens Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria,  Strengthens France by giving it German land  Separated German princes from Holy Roman Empire  Treaty introduces idea of negotiating terms of peace  Beginning of Modern States  Treaty recognizes Europe as group of independent states

So What?  No more religious wars… for now.  No more Catholic Empire ruling over Europe – Independent states ruled for themselves  This leads to several independent states known as the German Confederation of States  The modern state system begins!

Central Europe vs. The West Central Europe:  Economy different  Serfs not free – not even allowed to move into cities  Kings and empires also weak – no income, no standing armies and no law courts  Holy Roman Empire = WEAK after war The West:  Serfs win freedom and become middle class people  Were taxed to build up large armies

States Form in Central Europe  Economic Contrasts with the West  Economy in central Europe still based in serfs and agriculture.  Several Weak Empires  Landowning nobles in central Europe Block growth of kings ’ power.  Ottoman and Holy Roman Empires are also weak.

 Austria Grows Stronger  Austria was the most powerful state in the Holy Roman Empire after the war ended  Hapsburgs in Austria take more lands, rule large empire  Maria Theresa (Charles VI’s oldest daughter) Inherits the Austrian Throne  Maria Theresa becomes empress of Austria and faces years of war with a northern state States Form in Central Europe

The Pragmatic Sanction This document, The Pragmatic Sanction, declared that Maria Theresa would inherit the Austrian throne.

Maria Theresa of Austria

Prussia Challenges Austria  The Rise of Prussia (north of Austria)  Hohenzollern family rulers of Prussia build Europe ’ s best army  They call themselves kings and become absolute monarchs.  Nobles resist royal power, but king buys loyalty.  Frederick the Great  Frederick the Great becomes king of Prussia  Enforces father ’ s military policies (big standing army) but softens some of his laws.

Frederick II (The Great) of Prussia. He was nicknamed “ Old Fritz”

Prussia Challenges Austria  War of Austrian Succession  In 1740, Frederick starts war against Austria to gain shared land.  Frederick assumed Maria Theresa would be easy to bully because she was a woman  Maria Theresa resists Prussian power but loses Silesia in treaty.  As a result of the war, Prussia becomes a major power in Europe.  Both countries (Austria and Prussia) becomes heavily involved in alliances throughout Europe

Prussia Challenges Austria  The Seven Years ’ War [a miniature world war – everyone got sucked in with the alliances and eventually the colonies became involved]  Austria allies with France against Britain and Prussia  In 1756, Frederick the Great attacks Saxony (in Britain), launching the Seven Years ’ War.  France loses colonies in North America, Britain gains India  Known as the French and Indian War in U.S. History – leads to Revolution

Family Tree Project  Get into your groups of 3. You will be assigned one of the family trees.  Split the following tasks up however you wish:  Draw the family tree large scale on a sheet of butcher paper --- add color either written or with a border  Research the names that are circled on your handout and write down three facts about those people on the family tree.